Credits

• Stephen D. Cramer

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Albany Research Center

• Bernard S. Covino, Jr.

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Albany Research Center

Credits for the subsection leaders are given in the Preface to this Volume.

• Alain A. Adjorlolo

   The Boeing Company

• Vinod S. Agarwala

   Naval Air Systems Command, U.S. Navy

• Hira S. Ahluwalia

   Material Selection Resources, Inc.

• Peter L. Andresen

   General Electric Global Research

• Zhijun Bai

   Syracuse University

• Wate Bakker

   Electric Power Research Institute

• Donald E. Bardsley

   Sulzer Process Pumps Inc.

• John A. Beavers

   CC Technologies

• Graham Bell

   M.J. Schiff & Associates

• J.E. Benfer

   NAVAIR Materials Engineering Competency

• David Bennet

   Corrosion Probe Inc.

• Harry Bernstein

   Gas Turbine Materials Association

• James Brandt

   Galvotec Corrosion Services

• S.K. Brubaker

   E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.

• Sophie J. Bullard

   National Energy Technology Laboratory

• Kirk J. Bundy

   Tulane University

• Sridhar Canumalla

   Nokia Enterprise Systems

• Clifton M. Carey

   American Dental Association Foundation

• Bryant “Web” Chandler

   Greenman Pedersen, Inc.

• Norm Clayton

   Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

• M. Colavita

   Italian Air Force

• Everett E. Collier

   Consultant

• Pierre Combrade

   Framatome ANP, an AREVA and Siemens company

• Greg Courval

   Alcan International Limited

• Bernard S. Covino, Jr.

   National Energy Technology Laboratory

• William Cox

   Corrosion Management Ltd.

• Stephen D. Cramer

   National Energy Technology Laboratory

• J.R. Crum

   Special Metals Corporation

• Chester M. Dacres

   DACCO SCI, INC.

• Phillip Daniel

   Babcock & Wilcox Company

• Michael Davies

   Cariad Consultants

• Stephen C. Dexter

   University of Delaware

• James R. Divine

   ChemMet, Ltd., PC

• Joe Douthett

   AK Research

• Harry Dykstra

   Acuren

• Dawn C. Eden

   Honeywell Process Solutions

• Teresa Elliott

   City of Portland

• Paul Eyre

   DuPont

• F. Peter Ford

   General Electric Global Research (retired)

• Aleksei V. Gershun

   Prestone Products

• Jeremy L. Gilbert

   Syracuse University

• William J. Gilbert

   Branch Environmental Corp.

• Barry M. Gordon

   Structural Integrity Associates, Inc.

• R.D. Granata

   Florida Atlantic University

• Stuart L. Greenberger

   Bureau Water Works, City of Portland, Oregon

• Richard B. Griffin

   Texas A&M University

• I. Carl Handsy

   U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command

• Gary Hanvy

   Texas Instruments

• William H. Hartt

   Florida Atlantic University

• Robert H. Heidersbach

   Dr. Rust, Inc.

• Drew Hevle

   El Paso Corporation

• Gordon R. Holcomb

   National Energy Technology Laboratory

• W. Brian Holtsbaum

   CC Technologies Canada, Ltd.

• Ronald M. Horn

   General Electric Nuclear Energy

• Jack W. Horvath

   HydroChem Industrial Services, Inc.

• Wally Huijbregts

   Huijbregts Corrosion Consultancy

• Herbert S. Jennings

   DuPont

• David Johnson

   Galvotec Corrosion Services

• Otakar Jonas

   Jonas, Inc.

• D.L. Jordan

   Ford Motor Company

• Russell D. Kane

   Honeywell Process Solutions

• Ernest W. Klechka, Jr.

   CC Technologies

• Kevin J. Kovaleski

   Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division

• Angel Kowalski

   CC Technologies

• Lorrie A. Krebs

   Anderson Materials Evaluation, Inc.

• Ashok Kumar

   U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL)

• Steven C. Kung

   The Babcock & Wilcox Company

• Kenneth S. Kutska

   Wheaton (IL) Playground District

• George Y. Lai

   Consultant

• Jim Langley

   USA Cycling Certified Mechanic

• Michael LaPlante

   Colt Defense LLC

• R.M. Latanision

   Exponent

• Jason S. Lee

   Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center

• René Leferink

   KEMA

• Clément Lemaignan

   CEA France

• Lianfang Li

   W.R. Grace, Inc.

• E.L. Liening

   The Dow Chemical Company

• Brenda J. Little

   Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center

• W.L. Mathay

   Nickel Institute

• R. Daniel McCright

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

• Sam McFarland

   Lloyd's Register

• Spiro Megremis

   American Dental Association

• Joseph T. Menke

   U.S. Army TACOM

• Michael Meyer

   The Solae Company

• William Miller

   Sulzer Process Pumps Inc.

• B. Mishra

   Colorado School of Mines

• D.B. Mitton

   University of North Dakota

• Bert Moniz

   DuPont

• William G. Moore

   National Electric Coil

• Max D. Moskal

   Mechanical and Materials Engineering

• Ned Niccolls

   Chevron Texaco

• Randy Nixon

   Corrosion Probe Inc.

• J.J. Pak

   Hanyang University, Korea

• Rigo Perez

   Boeing Company

• Lyle D. Perrigo

   U.S. Arctic Research Commission (retired)

• Frank Pianca

   Ontario Ministry of Transportation

• Joseph Pikas

   MATCOR Inc.

• Jerry Podany

   Paul Getty Museum

• David F. Pulley

   Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division

• Jianhai Qiu

   Nanyang Technological University

• Richard I. Ray

   Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center

• Raúl B. Rebak

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

• Craig Reid

   Acuren

• John Repp

   Corrpro/Ocean City Research Corp.

• P.R. Roberge

   Royal Military College of Canada

• Ralph (Bud) W. Ross, Jr.

   Consultant

• Alberto A. Sagüés

   University of South Florida

• K.K. Sankaran

   Boeing Company

• Adrian Santini

   Con Edison of New York

• Daniel P. Schmidt

   The Pennsylvania State University

• Peter M. Scott

   Framatome ANP, an AREVA and Siemens company

• L.A. Scribner

   Becht Engineering

• K. Anthony Selby

   Water Technology Consultants, Inc.

• Lyndsie S. Selwyn

   Canadian Conservation Institute

• Barbara A. Shaw

   The Pennsylvania State University

• Wilford W. Shaw

   The Pennsylvania State University

• David A. Shifler

   Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

• Stan Silvus

   Southwest Research Institute

• Douglas Singbeil

   Paprican

• Prabhakar Singh

   Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

• James Skogsberg

   Chevron Texaco

• John E. Slater

   Invetech Inc.

• John S. Smart III

   John S. Smart Consulting Engineers

• Herbert Smith

   Boeing Company

• Narasi Sridhar

   Southwest Research Institute

• Sridhar Srinivasan

   Honeywell Process Solutions

• L.D. Stephenson

   U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL)

• Kenneth R. St. John

   The University of Mississippi Medical Center

• John Stringer

   Electric Power Research Institute

• Mats Ström

   Volvo Car Corporation

• Khuzema Sulemanji

   Texas Instruments

• Windsor Sung

   Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

• Barry C. Syrett

   Electric Power Research Institute

• A.C. Tan

   Micron Semiconductor Asia

• J.L. Tardiff

   Ford Motor Company

• Ramgopal Thodla

   General Electric Company

• Mercy Thomas

   Texas Instruments

• Chris Thompson

   Paprican

• Neil G. Thompson

   CC Technologies

• Jack Tinnea

   Tinnea & Associates, LLC

• Arthur H. Tuthill

   Tuthill Associates

• John Tverberg

   Metals and Materials Consulting Engineers

• Jose L. Villalobos

   V&A Consulting Engineers

• Puligandla Viswanadham

   Nokia Research Center

• Nicholas Warchol

   U.S. Army ARDEC

• Gary S. Was

   University of Michigan

• Angela Wensley

   Angela Wensley Engineering

• Paul K. Whitcraft

   Rolled Alloys

• Peter M. Woyciesjes

   Prestone Products

• Zhenguo G. Yang

   Pacific Northwest National Lab

• Te-Lin Yau

   Yau Consultancy

• Lyle D. Zardiackas

   University of Mississippi Medical Center

• Shi Hua Zhang

   DuPont

• Ralph Adler

   U.S. Army

• Hira Ahluwalia

   Material Selection Resources, Inc.

• Todd Allen

   University of Wisconsin

• Anton Banweg

   Nalco Company

• Sean Barnes

   DuPont

• Gregory A. Bates

   Solae Company

• Franceso Bellucci

   University of Naples “Federico II”

• Ron Bianchetti

   East Bay Municipal Utility District

• Timothy Bieri

   BP

• Francine Bovard

   Alcoa

• Robert L. Bratton

   Nuclear Materials Disposition and Engineering

• Mike Bresney

   AGT

• Stanley A. Brown

   FDA

• Stephen K. Brubaker

   DuPont

• Kirk J. Bundy

   Tulane University

• Juan Bustillos

   Dow Chemical

• Gary M. Carinci

   TMR Stainless

• Tom Chase

   Chase Art Services

• Timothy M. Cheek

   International Truck & Engine Corp.

• Lichun Leigh Chen

   Engineered Materials Solutions

• Jason A. Cline

   Spectral Sciences, Inc.

• Desmond C. Cook

   Old Dominion University

• Thomas Cordea

   International Truck and Engine Corporation

• Robert A. Cottis

   UMIST

• Irv Cotton

   Arthur Freedman Associates, Inc.

• Bruce Craig

   MetCorr

• Larry Craigie

   American Composites Manufacturers Association

• Jim Crum

   Special Metals Corporation

• Phil L. Daniel

   Babcock & Wilcox

• Craig V. Darragh

   The Timken Company

• Chris Dash

   Conoco Phillips Alaska, Inc.

• Michael Davies

   CARIAD Consultants

• Guy D. Davis

   DACCO SCI, INC.

• Sheldon Dean

   Dean Corrosion Technology

• John Devaney

   Hi-Rel Laboratories, Inc.

• John B. Dion

   BAE Systems

• John Disegi

   Synthes (USA)

• Roger Dolan

   Dolan Environmental Services, Inc.

• Gary Doll

   The Timken Company

• David E. Dombrowski

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• R. Barry Dooley

   Electric Power Research Institute

• Timothy Eckert

   Electric Power Research Institute

• Dave Eden

   InterCorr International

• Peter Elliott

   Corrosion and Materials Consultancy, Inc.

• Henry “Ed” Fairman

   Cincinnati Metallurgical Consultants

• Robert Filipek

   AGH University of Science and Ceramics

• Brian J. Fitzgerald

   ExxonMobil Chemical Company

• John Fitzgerald

   ExxonMobil Chemical Co.

• Gerald S. Frankel

   The Ohio State University

• Peter Furrer

   Novelis Technology AG

• Brian Gleeson

   Iowa State University

• John J. Goetz

   Thielsch Engineering

• Martha Goodway

   Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education

• Gary Griffith

   Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis, LLC

• Carol Grissom

   SCMRE

• John Grubb

   Allegheny Ludlum Technical Center

• Charlie Hall

   Mears Group

• Nadim James Hallab

   Rush University Medical Center

• Larry D. Hanke

   Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc.

• Jeffrey A. Hawk

   General Electric Company

• M. Gwyn Hocking

   Imperial College London

• Paul Hoffman

   CIV NAVAIR

• Mike Holly

   General Motors Corp.

• Glenn T. Hong

   General Atomics, San Diego, CA

• Merv Howells

   Honeywell Airframe Systems

• Fred H. Hua

   Bechtel SAIC Co., LLC

• Dennis Huffman

   The Timken Company

• Kumar Jata

   CIV USAF AFRL/MILL

• Carol Jeffcoate

   Honeywell Airframe Systems

• David Jensen

   Eli Lilly and Company

• Anders Jenssen

   Studsvik Nuclear AB, Sweden

• Paul Jett

   Smithsonian Institute

• Randy C. John

   Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc.

• Kent Johnson

   Engineering Systems Incorporated

• Joanne Jones-Meehan

   Naval Research Laboratory

• Donald L. Jordan

   North American Engineering

• Robert Kain

   LaQue Center for Corrosion

• Don Kelley

   Dow Chemical

• Srinivasan Kesavan

   FMC Corporation

• Naeem A. Khan

   Saudi Arabian Oil Company

• Jonathan K. Klopman

   Marine Surveyor NAMS-CMS

• Ernest Klechka

   CC Technologies

• David Kolman

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Lou Koszewski

   U.S. Tank Protectors Inc.

• David Kroon

   Corrpro Companies

• Roger A. LaBoube

   University of Missouri-Rolla

• Gregg D. Larson

   Exelon Nuclear

• Kevin Lawson

   Petrofac Facilities Management Ltd.

• Thomas W. Lee

   Jabil Circuit, Inc.

• William LeVan

   Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute

• E.L. Liening

   Dow Chemical

• Scott Lillard

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Huimin Liu

   Ford Motor Company

• Gary A. Loretitsch

   Puckorius & Associates, Inc.

• Stephen Lowell

   Defense Standardization Program Office

• Digby MacDonald

   Pennsylvania State University

• William L. Mankins

   Metallurgical Services Inc.

• Florian B. Mansfeld

   University of Southern California

• William N. Matulewicz

   Wincon Technologies, Inc.

• Craig Matzdorf

   U.S. Navy

• Graham McCartney

   University of Nottingham

• Bruce McMordie

   Sermatech

• Gerald H. Meier

   University of Pittsburgh

• Joseph T. Menke

   U.S. Army TACOM

• Ronald E. Mizia

   Idaho National Engineering & Environmental Laboratory

• Raymond W. Monroe

   Steel Founders' Society of America

• Jean Montemarano

   Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

• Robert E. Moore

   Washington Group International

• Sandra Morgan

   International Truck and Engine Corporation

• Bill Mullis

   Aberdeen Test Center

• M.P. Sukumaran Nair

   FACT, Ltd.

• Larry Nelson

   GE Global Research Center

• Karthik H. Obla

   National Ready-Mixed Concrete Association

• David Olson

   Colorado School of Mines

• Michael R. Ostermiller

   Corrosion Engineering

• Toby V. Padfield

   ZF Sachs Automotive of America

• Larry Paul

   ThyssenKrupp VDM USA Inc.

• Steven J. Pawel

   U.S. Department of Energy

   Oak Ridge National Laboratory

• Fred Pettit

   University of Pittsburgh

• G. Louis Powell

   Y-12 National Security Complex

• Raúl Rebak

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

• Michael Renner

   Bayer Technology Services GmbH

• Chris Robbins

   Health & Safety Executive

• Elwin L. Rooy

   Elwin L. Rooy and Associates

• Marvin J. Rudolph

   DuPont

• Brian Saldnaha

   DuPont

• Sreerangapatam Sampath

   Army Research Laboratory

• Philip J. Samulewicz

   Ambiant Air Quality Services, Inc.

• B.J. Sanders

   BJS and Associates

• Jeff Sarver

   The Babcock & Wilcox Company

• Frederick Edward Schmidt, Jr.

   Engineering Systems Inc.

• Michael Schock

   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

• Robert J. Shaffer

   DaimlerChrysler Corporation

• C. Ramadeva Shastry

   International Steel Group, Inc.

• Robert W. Shaw

   U.S. Army Research Office

• Theresa Simpson

   Bethlehem Steel Corp.

• Robert Smallwood

   Det Norske Veritas

• Gaylord D. Smith

   Special Metals Corporation

• Vernon L. Snoeyink

   University of Illinois

• Donald Snyder

   Atotech R&D Worldwide

• Gerard Sorell

   G. Sorell Consulting Services

• Andy Spisak

   EME Associates

• David L. Sponseller

   OMNI Metals Laboratory, Inc.

• Roger Staehle

   Staehle Consulting

• Karl Staudhammer

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Jan Stein

   Electric Power Research Institute

• Martin L. Stephens

   DaimlerChrysler Corp.

• John Stringer

   Electric Power Research Institute (retired)

• Henry Tachick

   Dairyland Electrical Industries, Inc.

• Ken Tator

   KTA Tator Inc.

• Oscar Tavares

   Lafarge North America Inc.

• Michael Tavary

   Dow Chemical

• George J. Theus

   Engineering Systems Inc.

• Dominique Thierry

   Technopôle de Brest Rivoalon

• A.C. Tiburcio

   U.S. Steel Research

• Whitt L. Trimble

   FLUOR

• Arthur Tuthill

   Tuthill Associates, Inc.

• Elma van der Lingen

   MINTEK

• Krishna Venugopalan

   DePuy, Inc., a Johnson & Johnson company

• Mike Wayman

   University of Alberta

• Alan Whitehead

   Retired, GE – Power Systems

• James Whitfield

   U.S. Navy (CIV NAVAIR)

• Gary S. Whittaker

   Whittaker Materials Engineering Associates, LLC

• Roger Wildt

   RW Consulting Group

• David Willis

   BlueScope Steel Research

• Tim Woods

   U.S. Navy (CIV NAVAIR)

• Ernest Yeboah

   Orange County Sanitary District

• Shi Hua Zhang

   DuPont

• Reza Abbaschian

   President and Trustee

   University of California Riverside

• Lawrence C. Wagner

   Vice President and Trustee

   Texas Instruments

• Bhakta B. Rath

   Immediate Past President and Trustee

   U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

• Paul L. Huber

   Treasurer and Trustee

   Seco/Warwick Corporation

• Stanley C. Theobald

   Secretary and Managing Director

   ASM International

• Sue S. Baik-Kromalic

   Honda of America

• Christopher C. Berndt

   James Cook University

• Dianne Chong

   The Boeing Company

• Roger J. Fabian

   Bodycote Thermal Processing

• William E. Frazier

   Naval Air Systems Command

• Pradeep Goyal

   Pradeep Metals Ltd.

• Richard L. Kennedy

   Allvac

• Frederick J. Lisy

   Orbital Research Incorporated

• Frederick Edward Schmidt, Jr.

   Engineering Systems Inc.

• Jeffrey A. Hawk

   (Chair 2005–; Member 1997–)

   General Electric Company

• Larry D. Hanke

   (Vice Chair 2005–; Member 1994–)

   Material Evaluation and

   Engineering Inc.

• Viola L. Acoff (2005–)

   University of Alabama

• David E. Alman (2002–)

   U.S. Department of Energy

• Tim Cheek (2004–)

   International Truck & Engine

   Corporation

• Lichun Leigh Chen (2002–)

   Engineered Materials Solutions

• Craig Clauser (2005–)

   Craig Clauser Engineering Consulting Inc.

• William Frazier (2005–)

   Naval Air Systems Command

• Lee Gearhart (2005–)

   Moog Inc.

• Michael A. Hollis (2003–)

   Delphi Corporation

• Kent L. Johnson (1999–)

   Engineering Systems Inc.

• Ann Kelly (2004–)

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Alan T. Male (2003–)

   University of Kentucky

• William L. Mankins (1989–)

   Metallurgical Services Inc.

• Dana J. Medlin (2005–)

   South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

• Joseph W. Newkirk (2005–)

   Metallurgical Engineering

• Toby Padfield (2004–)

   ZF Sachs Automotive of America

• Frederick Edward Schmidt, Jr. (2005–)

   Engineering Systems Inc.

• Karl P. Staudhammer (1997–)

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Kenneth B. Tator (1991–)

   KTA-Tator Inc.

• George F. Vander Voort (1997–)

   Buehler Ltd.

• R.J. Austin

   (1992–1994) (Member 1984–1985)

• L.B. Case

   (1931–1933) (Member 1927–1933)

• T.D. Cooper

   (1984–1986) (Member 1981–1986)

• C.V. Darragh

   (1999–2002) (Member 1989–2005)

• E.O. Dixon

   (1952–1954) (Member 1947–1955)

• R.L. Dowdell

   (1938–1939) (Member 1935–1939)

• Henry E. Fairman

   (2002–2004) (Member 1993–2005)

• M.M. Gauthier

   (1997–1998) (Member 1990–2000)

• J.P. Gill

   (1937) (Member 1934–1937)

• J.D. Graham

   (1966–1968) (Member 1961–1970)

• J.F. Harper

   (1923–1926) (Member 1923–1926)

• C.H. Herty, Jr.

   (1934–1936) (Member 1930–1936)

• D.D. Huffman

   (1986–1990) (Member 1982–2005)

• J.B. Johnson

   (1948–1951) (Member 1944–1951)

• L.J. Korb

   (1983) (Member 1978–1983)

• R.W.E. Leiter

   (1962–1963) (Member 1955–1958, 1960–1964)

• G.V. Luerssen

   (1943–1947) (Member 1942–1947)

• G.N. Maniar

   (1979–1980) (Member 1974–1980)

• W.L. Mankins

   (1994–1997) (Member 1989–)

• J.L. McCall

   (1982) (Member 1977–1982)

• W.J. Merten

   (1927–1930) (Member 1923–1933)

• D.L. Olson

   (1990–1992) (Member 1982–1988, 1989–1992)

• N.E. Promisel

   (1955–1961) (Member 1954–1963)

• G.J. Shubat

   (1973–1975) (Member 1966–1975)

• W.A. Stadtler

   (1969–1972) (Member 1962–1972)

• R. Ward

   (1976–1978) (Member 1972–1978)

• M.G.H. Wells

   (1981) (Member 1976–1981)

• D.J. Wright

   (1964–1965) (Member 1959–1967)

ASM International staff who contributed to the development of this volume included Charles Moosbrugger, Project Editor; Madrid Tramble, Senior Production Coordinator; Diane Grubbs, Editorial Assistant; Pattie Pace, Production Coordinator; Diane Wilkoff, Production Coordinator; Kathryn Muldoon, Production Assistant; Scott D. Henry, Senior Product Manager; Bonnie R. Sanders, Manager of Production; Sally Fahrenholz-Mann, Electronic Publications Manager.

Editorial assistance was provided by Joseph R. Davis, Elizabeth Marquard, Heather Lampman, Marc Schaefer, Beverly Musgrove, Cindy Karcher, and Kathy Dragolich.