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Book Chapter
Friction and Wear Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... limit of polymer composites and polymer testing best practices. friction testing lubrication polymers wear rate wear testing TRIBOLOGY is the study of contacting materials in relative motion, more specifically the study of friction, wear, and lubrication ( Ref 1 ). The term tribology...
Abstract
Tribology is the study of contacting materials in relative motion and more specifically the study of friction, wear, and lubrication. This article discusses the classification and the mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication of polymers. It describes the tribological applications of polymers and the tribometers and instrumentation used to measure the tribological properties of polymers. The article discusses the processes involved in calculating the wear rate of polymers and the methods of characterization of the sliding interface. It provides information on the pressure and velocity limit of polymer composites and polymer testing best practices.
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 24 Abrasive impact wear testing equipment. Reprinted from Ref 6 with permission from Elsevier
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Typical corrosive wear testing techniques. (a) Pin-on-disc tester (the spec...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 4 Typical corrosive wear testing techniques. (a) Pin-on-disc tester (the specimen can be the pin or the disc) used to perform abrasion-corrosion tests (using hard abrasive pin or disc as the counterface) and sliding wear corrosion tests (using relatively smooth counterface). Source: Ref
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Book Chapter
Wear Failure of a Leaded Bronze Bearing: Correlation Between Plant Experience and Laboratory Wear Test Data
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001530
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... examined. Both samples were subjected to accelerated wear tests in a laboratory type pin-on-disk apparatus. During the tests, the bearing materials acted as pins, which were pressed against a rotating cast iron disk. The wear behaviors of both bearing materials were studied using weight loss measurement...
Abstract
This paper describes an investigation on the failure of a large leaded bronze bearing that supports a nine-ton roller of a plastic calendering machine. At the end of the normal service life of a good bearing, which lasted for seven years, a new bearing was installed. However the new one failed catastrophically within a few days, generating a huge amount of metallic wear debris and causing pitting on the surface of the cast iron roller. Following the failure, samples were collected from both good and failed bearings. The samples were analyzed chemically and their microstructures examined. Both samples were subjected to accelerated wear tests in a laboratory type pin-on-disk apparatus. During the tests, the bearing materials acted as pins, which were pressed against a rotating cast iron disk. The wear behaviors of both bearing materials were studied using weight loss measurement. The worn surfaces of samples and the wear debris were examined by light optical microscope, SEM, and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalyzer. It was found that the laboratory pin-on-disk wear data correlated well with the plant experience. It is suggested that the higher lead content ~18%) of the good bearing compared with 7% lead of the failed bearing helped to establish a protective transfer layer on the worn surface. This transfer layer reduced metal-to-metal contact between the bearing and the roller and resulted in a lower wear rate. The lower lead content of the failed bearing does not allow the establishment of a well-protected transfer layer and leads to rapid wear.
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Schematic of a basic fretting wear test and related fretting cycle. Adapted...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 Schematic of a basic fretting wear test and related fretting cycle. Adapted from Ref 41 . Reprinted with permission from Elsevier
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear...
Abstract
This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear apparatus. Most mechanical components continue to be functional beyond the zero wear limit, and their usefulness is normally connected with the loss of a specific depth of material. The article reviews the zero impact wear model and some measurable impact wear models. It presents a case study illustrating the impact of wear failure on automotive engine inlet valves and seat inserts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006794
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... for corrosive wear. Next, the article explains testing methods and characterization of corrosive wear. Various factors that influence corrosive wear are then covered. The article concludes with general guidelines for material selection against corrosive wear. corrosion corrosive wear material selection...
Abstract
Corrosive wear is defined as surface damage caused by wear in a corrosive environment, involving combined attacks from wear and corrosion. This article begins with a discussion on several typical forms of corrosive wear encountered in industry, followed by a discussion on mechanisms for corrosive wear. Next, the article explains testing methods and characterization of corrosive wear. Various factors that influence corrosive wear are then covered. The article concludes with general guidelines for material selection against corrosive wear.
Book Chapter
Impact Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies. ceramics impact wear metals polymers wear modeling IMPACT OR PERCUSSIVE WEAR has been defined as “the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Wear surface of 304 stainless steel after vibratory cavitation test. Courte...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
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Examples of typical wear scar for ASTM International G 98 test. Courtesy of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Examples of typical wear scar for ASTM International G 98 test. Courtesy of K.G. Budinski, Bud Labs
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The wear rates of the bearing samples in laboratory tests as functions of s...
Available to Purchase
in Wear Failure of a Leaded Bronze Bearing: Correlation Between Plant Experience and Laboratory Wear Test Data
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 The wear rates of the bearing samples in laboratory tests as functions of sliding distance (normal load: 15 N; sliding velocity: 1.67 m s −1 )
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in which the wear occurs. The tribological aspect number (TAN) is a method for characterizing tribosystems ( Ref 5 ). This system is useful in evaluating the relevance of data and determining the most appropriate simulation test. The wear situation is described in terms of the contact velocity, contact...
Abstract
This article focuses on the types of activities required for the resolution of wear problems. These include examining and characterizing the tribosystem; characterizing and modeling the wear process; obtaining and evaluating wear data; and evaluating and verifying the solution.
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Published: 15 January 2021
. Corrosive wear tests performed on a pin-on-disc tester at a sliding velocity of 4 cm/s (1.6 in./s)
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Book Chapter
Wear and Failure of Babbit Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding Bearings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Steam turbines Wear tests Sn-13.5Sb-6.0Cu Sn-11.9Sb-4.5Cu Babbit (Other, miscellaneous, or unspecified) wear 1. Introduction The reliable operation of sliding bearings determines to a considerable extent the life and reliable operation of the steam turbine as a whole. 1 , 2 The cases...
Abstract
An investigation of wear and failure of babbitt bushes was completed in this study. The results showed that wear at dry sliding of babbitt obtained by plasma spraying was less than that of babbitt in the as-cast state and after a deformation heat treatment. The failure of babbitt bushes was caused by a simultaneous and interrelated exhibition of fatigue and wear processes that depend considerably on cohesion strength between the bush and the bearing base and accumulation of defects on the contact surface between the bush and the shaft.
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Micrographs of worn surface of (a) neat polyetheretherketone, PEEK, (b) pol...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 3 Micrographs of worn surface of (a) neat polyetheretherketone, PEEK, (b) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/ PEEK composite, (c) neat PTFE after 50-hour sliding friction and wear tests. Source: Ref 19 . This figure is reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Society for Composites
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Book Chapter
Corrosive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of the steel that resulted from the two tests. The specimen exposed for 1 h in the flow-through test (top photograph) had many fine grooves over its entire surface, typical of cutting wear. The bottom photograph shows the smooth, wave-type pattern that developed after 1.67 h with a recycled slurry, indicating...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion-wear synergism in aqueous slurry and grinding environments. It describes the effects of environmental factors on corrosive wear and provides information on the impact and three-body abrasive-corrosive wear. The article also discusses the various means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications.
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Scanning electron microscopy images of worn surfaces of AISI 1045 medium-ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 5 Scanning electron microscopy images of worn surfaces of AISI 1045 medium-carbon steel samples after predeformation (tensile) at two different strain rates. (a) Sample predeformed at a strain rate of 0.75 × 10 −2 /s. (b) Sample predeformed at a strain rate of 1/s. Wear tests were
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Book Chapter
Failure Analysis of a Crimping Mechanism
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... are adhesive and abrasive wear. In this case the aluminum bronze bushing rubs over a tool steel indenter causing wear on the bushing. Conventional (abrasive) wear tests like the rubber wheel abrasion test or the Taber abrader test, confirms that the amount of abrasive wear decreases as hardness increases. When...
Abstract
An aluminum bronze bushing that serves as a guide in a crimping machine began to fail after 50,000 cycles or approximately two weeks of operation. Until then, typical run times had been on the order of months. Although the bushings are replaceable and relatively inexpensive, the cost of downtime adds up quickly while operators troubleshoot and swap out worn components. Initially, the quality of the bushings came into question, but after a detailed analysis of the entire crimping mechanism, several other issues emerged that were not previously considered. As a result, the investigation provides information on not only better materials, but also design changes intended to reduce wear and increase service life.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... loading conditions can influence fretting damage evolution, it is important to better describe the various test configurations usually applied to investigate this aspect. Fretting Test Experiments Figure 7 illustrates the principle of a basic fretting wear test (i.e., plain fretting test without...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
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