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turbine vanes
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046966
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract A turbine vane made of cast cobalt-base alloy AMS 5382 (Stellite 31; composition: Co-25.5Cr-10.5Ni-7.5W) was returned from service after an undetermined number of service hours because of crack indications on the airfoil sections. This alloy is cast by the precision investment method...
Abstract
A turbine vane made of cast cobalt-base alloy AMS 5382 (Stellite 31; composition: Co-25.5Cr-10.5Ni-7.5W) was returned from service after an undetermined number of service hours because of crack indications on the airfoil sections. This alloy is cast by the precision investment method. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x/500x metallographic examination of sections etched with a mixture of ferric chloride, hydrochloric acid, and methanol, and bend tests) supported the conclusions that cracking of the airfoil sections was caused by thermal fatigue and was contributed to by low ductility due to age hardening, subsurface oxidation related to intragranular carbides, and high residual tensile macrostresses. No further conclusions could be drawn because of the lack of detailed service history, and no recommendations were made.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Creep crack in a turbine vane. Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services
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Published: 15 January 2021
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 2 Creep crack in a turbine vane. Courtesy of M. Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services
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in Metallurgical Investigation of a Turbine Blade and a Vane Failure from Two Marine Engines
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Offshore, Shipbuilding, and Marine Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 12 The cracked turbine vane fracture surface (lightly shaded area is the lab induced overload region).
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in Metallurgical Investigation of a Turbine Blade and a Vane Failure from Two Marine Engines
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Offshore, Shipbuilding, and Marine Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 14 Turbine vane erosion in the leading and the trailing edge areas. (a) Leading edge; (b) Trailing edge. Arrows indicating severe corrosion.
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Airfoil segment from a cast Stellite 31 turbine vane that failed by thermal fatigue. (a) and (b) Thermal fatigue cracks emanating from a leading edge and progressing along grain boundaries. The microstructure shows evidence of age hardening by intragranular precipitation of carbide
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 7 (a) Photograph of turbine vane. (b) Photograph showing axial cracking at midheight of leading edge. (c) Composite optical micrograph showing leading-edge crack in cross section. Etched with Marble’s reagent. Original magnification: 100×. (d) Scanning electron micrographs showing gamma
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract The circumstances surrounding the in-service failure of a cast Ni-base superalloy (Alloy 713LC) second stage turbine blade and a cast and coated Co-base superalloy (MAR-M302) first stage air-cooled vane in two turbine engines used for marine application are described. An overview...
Abstract
The circumstances surrounding the in-service failure of a cast Ni-base superalloy (Alloy 713LC) second stage turbine blade and a cast and coated Co-base superalloy (MAR-M302) first stage air-cooled vane in two turbine engines used for marine application are described. An overview of a systematic approach, analyzing the nature of degeneration and failure of the failed components, utilizing conventional metallurgical techniques, is presented. The topographical features of the turbine blade fracture surface revealed a fatigue-induced crack growth pattern, where crack initiation had taken place in the blade trailing edge. An estimate of the crack-growth rate for the stage II fatigue fracture region coupled with the metallographic results helped to identify the final mode of the turbine blade failure. A detailed metallographic and fractographic examination of the air-cooled vane revealed that coating erosion in conjunction with severe hot-corrosion was responsible for crack initiation in the leading edge area.
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 22 (a) Photograph of stage 1 turbine blade. Material loss was most severe at the tip and trailing-edge airfoil. (b) Photograph of second-stage turbine vane. Note the rounded discoloration patterns, material loss at the trailing edge, and airfoil perforation (arrow). (c) Optical micrograph
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 Illustration of how cycling of the gas turbine generates thermal-mechanical fatigue cracking of a turbine vane
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in Metallurgical Investigation of a Turbine Blade and a Vane Failure from Two Marine Engines
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Offshore, Shipbuilding, and Marine Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 15 The corroded and overload fracture features in the cracked MAR-M302 turbine vane. (a) Transition of corroded region ‘C’ and the laboratory induced overload region ‘O’; (b) Corroded area adjacent to overload region; (c) Laboratory induced overload area with cleavage and ductile dimples.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... components. Stationary components such as combustors and turbine vanes can develop creep deformation (deflection, distortion), which can lead to decreased turbine performance and increased component degradation, although catastrophic creep failures of such components are rare. Turbine blades residing...
Abstract
This article focuses on common failures of the components associated with the flow path of industrial gas turbines. Examples of steam turbine blade failures are also discussed, because these components share some similarities with gas turbine blading. Some of the analytical methods used in the laboratory portion of the failure investigation are mentioned in the failure examples. The topics covered are creep, localized overheating, thermal-mechanical fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, fretting wear, erosive wear, high-temperature oxidation, hot corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, and manufacturing and repair deficiencies.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract An AMS 4126 (7075-T6) aluminum alloy impeller from a radial inflow turbine fractured during commissioning. Initial examination showed that two adjacent vanes had fractured through airfoils in the vicinity of the vane leading edges, and one vane fractured through an airfoil near the hub...
Abstract
An AMS 4126 (7075-T6) aluminum alloy impeller from a radial inflow turbine fractured during commissioning. Initial examination showed that two adjacent vanes had fractured through airfoils in the vicinity of the vane leading edges, and one vane fractured through an airfoil near the hub in the vicinity of the vane trailing edge. Some remaining vanes exhibited radial and transverse cracks in similar locations. Binocular and scanning electron microscope examinations showed that the cracks had been caused by high-cycle fatigue and had progressed from multiple origins on the vane surface. Structural analysis indicated that the fatigue loading probably had been caused by forced excitation, resulting in the impeller vibrating at its resonant frequency. It was recommended that the impeller design, control systems, and material of construction be changed.
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in Metallurgical Investigation of a Turbine Blade and a Vane Failure from Two Marine Engines
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Offshore, Shipbuilding, and Marine Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Cracked first steps MAR-M302 Turbine engine vane in the as-received condition. (a) Concave airfoil surface; (b) Convex airfoil surface. Metallographic sampling location indicated by arrow M.
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 20 (a) Photograph of first-stage vane ring following removal from the turbine. (b) Photograph of a vane following removal from the vane ring. (c) Optical micrograph of remnant thermal barrier coating from a hot (white) region. (d) Detail of coating interface from (c). Note the fragment
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract An investigation was conducted to better understand the time-dependent degradation of thermal barrier coated superalloy components in gas turbines. First-stage vanes are normally subjected to the highest gas velocities and temperatures during operation, and were thus the focus...
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to better understand the time-dependent degradation of thermal barrier coated superalloy components in gas turbines. First-stage vanes are normally subjected to the highest gas velocities and temperatures during operation, and were thus the focus of the study. The samples that were analyzed had been operating at 1350 °C in a gas turbine at a combined-cycle generating plant. They were regenerated once, then used for different lengths of time. The investigation included chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, SEM/energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. It was shown that degradation is driven by chemical and mechanical differences, oxide growth, depletion, and recrystallization, the combined effect of which results in exfoliation, spallation, and mechanical thinning.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... and the air can lead to deposition of alkali metal sulfates on the blade or vane surfaces, resulting in hot corrosion attack [ 2 ]. Overview of Gas Turbine Engine Hot Parts The areas of the gas turbine where the temperature is the highest and which are therefore, most subject to high-temperature...
Abstract
Gas turbines and other types of combustion turbomachinery are susceptible to hot corrosion at elevated temperatures. Two such cases resulting in the failure of a gas turbine component were investigated to learn more about the hot corrosion process and the underlying failure mechanisms. Each component was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, mechanical testing, and nondestructive techniques. The results of the investigation provide insights on the influence of temperature, composition, and microstructure and the contributing effects of high-temperature oxidation on the hot corrosion process. Preventative measures are also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Several compressor diaphragms from five gas turbines cracked after a short time in service. The vanes were constructed of type 403 stainless steel, and welding was performed using type 309L austenitic stainless steel filler metal. The fractures originated in the weld heat-affected...
Abstract
Several compressor diaphragms from five gas turbines cracked after a short time in service. The vanes were constructed of type 403 stainless steel, and welding was performed using type 309L austenitic stainless steel filler metal. The fractures originated in the weld heat-affected zones of inner and outer shrouds. A complete metallurgical analysis was conducted to determine the cause of failure. It was concluded that the diaphragms had failed by fatigue. Analysis suggests that the welds contained high residual stresses and had not been properly stress relieved. Improper welding techniques may have also contributed to the failures. Use of proper welding techniques, including appropriate prewelding and postwelding heat treatments, was recommended.
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