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tungsten
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in Influence of Microstructure on the Premature Failure of a Second-Intermediate Sendzimir Mill Drive Roll
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 11 EDS spectrum of tungsten-rich region in alloy carbide segregate
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in Failure Analysis of a Pilot Scale Melter
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Molybdenum/tungsten drain valve assembly. Arrow indicates fracture surface exposed during disassembly.
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in Analysis of Porosity Associated with Hanford 3013 Outer Container Welds
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Full-penetration autogenous gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) joint
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in Failure Analysis of HAZ Cracking in Low C-CrMoV Steel Weldment
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 6 Different zones produced in transverse face after single pass gas tungsten arc welding along with relative sizes of zones
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 2 Tungsten filaments of the headlamp shown in Fig. 1 .
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Closeup view of the tungsten filaments of the halide bulb shown in Fig. 3 .
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 6 Tungsten filaments of the lamp shown in Fig. 5 .
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 8 Tungsten filaments of the lamp shown in Fig. 7 .
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 9 Closeup view of the severed smaller tungsten filament in Fig. 7 .
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in Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 11 Closeup view of tungsten filament fragments shown at bottom of glass envelope in Fig. 10 .
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Section through an automatic gas tungsten arc weld containing voids caused by incomplete fusion. (a) Base metal at left is Incoloy 800 nickel alloy, that at right is 2.25Cr-1.0Mo alloy steel. Filler metal was ERNiCr-3, used with cold wire feed. Macrograph. 1×. (b) Micrograph
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Comparison of (a) conventional tungsten filament SEM to (b) field emission instrument. Samples imaged at 10,000×
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract Two aircraft-engine tailpipes of 19-9 DL stainless steel (AISI type 651) developed cracks along longitudinal gas tungsten arc butt welds after being in service for more than 1000 h. Binocular-microscope examination of the cracks in both tailpipes revealed granular, brittle-appearing...
Abstract
Two aircraft-engine tailpipes of 19-9 DL stainless steel (AISI type 651) developed cracks along longitudinal gas tungsten arc butt welds after being in service for more than 1000 h. Binocular-microscope examination of the cracks in both tailpipes revealed granular, brittle-appearing surfaces confined to the HAZs of the welds. Microscopic examination of sections transverse to the weld cracks showed severe intergranular corrosion in the HAZ. The fractures appeared to be caused by loss of corrosion resistance due to sensitization, that could have been induced by the temperatures attained during gas tungsten arc welding. Tests demonstrated the presence of sensitization in the HAZ of the gas tungsten arc weld. The aircraft engine tailpipe failures were due to intergranular corrosion in service of the sensitized structure of the HAZs produced during gas tungsten arc welding. All gas tungsten arc welded tailpipes should be postweld annealed by re-solution treatment to redissolve all particles of carbide in the HAZ. Also, it was suggested that resistance seam welding be used, because there would be no corrosion problem with the faster cooling rate characteristic of this technique.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract A 1984 Chevrolet Blazer was being pushed by three youths after it ran out of gas when it was hit from behind by a 1979 Mercury Cougar. One of the youths was crushed between the two vehicles and killed. Optical microscopy was used to examine the tungsten filaments from the headlamps...
Abstract
A 1984 Chevrolet Blazer was being pushed by three youths after it ran out of gas when it was hit from behind by a 1979 Mercury Cougar. One of the youths was crushed between the two vehicles and killed. Optical microscopy was used to examine the tungsten filaments from the headlamps of the Cougar and from the four signal/emergency/parking lights of the Blazer to determine whether the vehicles lights were in use at the time of the accident. Based on degree of distension and brittle fragmentation, it was determined that the low-beam headlights of the Cougar and the parking lights of the Blazer were on at the time of the collision.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047602
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Parts of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel that had been forged at about 815 deg C (1500 deg F) were gas tungsten arc welded. During postweld inspection, cracks were found in the HAZs of the welds. Welding had been done using a copper fixture that contacted the steel in the area of the HAZ...
Abstract
Parts of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel that had been forged at about 815 deg C (1500 deg F) were gas tungsten arc welded. During postweld inspection, cracks were found in the HAZs of the welds. Welding had been done using a copper fixture that contacted the steel in the area of the HAZ on each side of the weld but did not extend under the tungsten arc. In SEM examination, the cracks appeared to be intergranular and extended to a depth of approximately 1.3 mm (0.05 in.). The crack appearance suggested that the surface temperature of the HAZ could have melted a film of copper on the fixture surface and that this could have penetrated the stainless steel in the presence of tensile thermal-contraction stresses. The cracks in the weldments were a form of liquid-metal embrittlement caused by contact with superficially melted copper from the fixture and subsequent grain-boundary attack of the stainless steel in an area under residual tensile stress. The copper for the fixtures was replaced by aluminum. No further cracking was encountered.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract During routine quality control testing, small circuit breakers exhibited high contact resistance and, in some cases, insulation of the contacts by a surface film. The contacts were made of silver-refractory (tungsten or molybdenum) alloys. Infrared analysis revealed the film...
Abstract
During routine quality control testing, small circuit breakers exhibited high contact resistance and, in some cases, insulation of the contacts by a surface film. The contacts were made of silver-refractory (tungsten or molybdenum) alloys. Infrared analysis revealed the film to be a corrosion layer that resulted from exposure to ammonia in a humid atmosphere. Simulation tests confirmed that ammonia was the corrodent. The ammonia originated from the phenolic molding area of the plant. It was recommended that fumes from molding areas be vented outside the plant and that assembly, storage, and calibration areas be isolated from molding areas.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0089722
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract A welded elbow assembly (AISI type 321 stainless steel, with components joined with ER347 stainless steel filler metal by gas tungsten arc welding) was part of a hydraulic-pump pressure line for a jet aircraft. The other end of the tube was attached to a flexible metal hose, which...
Abstract
A welded elbow assembly (AISI type 321 stainless steel, with components joined with ER347 stainless steel filler metal by gas tungsten arc welding) was part of a hydraulic-pump pressure line for a jet aircraft. The other end of the tube was attached to a flexible metal hose, which provided no support and offered no resistance to vibration. The line was leaking hydraulic fluid at the nut end of the elbow. Investigation supported the conclusion that failure was by fatigue cracking initiated from a notch at the root of the weld and was propagated by cyclic loading of the tubing as the result of vibration and inadequate support of the hose assembly. Recommendations included changing the joint design from a cylindrical lap joint to a square-groove butt joint. Also, an additional support was recommended for the hose assembly to minimize vibration at the elbow.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001667
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., is presented. As an example, the materials and metallographic techniques employed in an actual on-site investigation of a gas tungsten-arc weldment joining two large diameter Ti-6Al-4V alloy cylinders are discussed in depth to illustrate what can be accomplished. Cylinders Field Metallography Welded...
Abstract
Nondestructive metallographic examination of materials frequently must be performed on-site when the component in question cannot be moved or destructively examined. Often, it is imperative that specific microstructural information (i.e., material type, heat treatment condition, homogeneity, etc.) be obtained either before initial use of a component, or before the use of a component can be safely resumed. In this paper, the use of standard metallurgical laboratory equipment, and the procedures required to conduct nondestructive on-site metallographic analyses of engineering materials, is presented. As an example, the materials and metallographic techniques employed in an actual on-site investigation of a gas tungsten-arc weldment joining two large diameter Ti-6Al-4V alloy cylinders are discussed in depth to illustrate what can be accomplished.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract A weld in a fuel-line tube broke after 159 h of engine testing. The 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) OD x 0.7-mm (0.028-in.) wall thickness tube and the end adapters were all of type 347 stainless steel. The butt joints between tube and end adapters were made by automated gas tungsten arc (orbital...
Abstract
A weld in a fuel-line tube broke after 159 h of engine testing. The 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) OD x 0.7-mm (0.028-in.) wall thickness tube and the end adapters were all of type 347 stainless steel. The butt joints between tube and end adapters were made by automated gas tungsten arc (orbital arc) welding. It was found that the tube had failed in the HAZ. Examination of a plastic replica of the fracture surface in a transmission electron microscope established that the crack origin was at the outer surface of the tube. The crack growth was by fatigue; closely spaced fatigue striations were found near the origin, and more widely spaced striations near the inner surface. The quality of the weld and the chemical composition of the tube both conformed to the specifications. However, the fuel-line assembly had vibrated excessively in service. The fuel-line fracture was caused by fatigue induced by severe vibration in service. Additional tube clamps were provided to damp the critical vibrational stresses. No further fuel-line fractures were encountered.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract A Ti-6Al-4V alloy pressure vessel failed during a proof-pressure test, fracturing along the center girth weld. The girth joints were welded with the automatic gas tungsten arc process utilizing an auxiliary trailing shield attached to the welding torch to provide inert-gas shielding...
Abstract
A Ti-6Al-4V alloy pressure vessel failed during a proof-pressure test, fracturing along the center girth weld. The girth joints were welded with the automatic gas tungsten arc process utilizing an auxiliary trailing shield attached to the welding torch to provide inert-gas shielding for the exterior surface of the weld. A segmented backup ring with a gas channel was used inside the vessel to shield the weld root. The pressure vessel failed due to contamination of the fusion zone by oxygen, which resulted when the gas shielding the root face of the weld was diluted by air that leaked into the gas channel. Thermal stresses cracked the embrittled weld, exposing the crack surfaces to oxidation before cooling. One of these cracks caused a stress concentration so severe that failure of the vessel wall during the proof test was inevitable. A sealing system at the split-line region of the segmented backup ring was provided, and a fine-mesh stainless steel screen diffuser was incorporated in the channel section of the backup ring to prevent air from leaking in. A titanium alloy color chart was furnished to permit correlation of weld-zone discoloration with the degree of atmospheric contamination.
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