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transmission electron microscopy
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 22 Transmission electron microscopy analysis of precipitate microstructures. (a) Precipitates in the weld. (b) and (c) Selected-area electron diffraction results of the carbides
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 29 Transmission electron microscopy replica of tongues on a fracture surface of iron. Source: Ref 19
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 32 (a) Examples of fans in a two-stage transmission electron microscopy replica of a cleavage fracture surface of iron. The river lines point back to the crack initiation site. (b) Fans on scanning electron microscopy image. Source: Ref 20 , 22
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
..., transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis in conjunction with dimensional analysis, phase diagrams and thermodynamics considerations were employed to evaluate the various hypotheses. All evidence pointed to an oxide mass in the area where the hole developed, likely...
Abstract
A steel pot used as crucible in a magnesium alloy foundry developed a leak that resulted in a fire and caused extensive damage. Hypotheses as to the cause of the leak included a defect in the pot, overuse, overheating, and poor foundry practices. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis in conjunction with dimensional analysis, phase diagrams and thermodynamics considerations were employed to evaluate the various hypotheses. All evidence pointed to an oxide mass in the area where the hole developed, likely introduced during the steelmaking process.
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Published: 01 January 2002
fractograph. (d) Light fractograph of replica. (e) Scanning electron microscopy fractograph of replica. (f) Transmission electron microscopy fractograph of replica
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Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams of (a) halloysite crystalline structure and (b) halloysite nanotubes. Images of halloysite nanotubes by (c) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and (d) atomic force microscopy (AFM). Source: Ref 17
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Mud cracks on the fracture surface of a quenched and tempered 4340 steel exposed to a marine environment. Transmission electron microscopy replica
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 12 Mud cracks on the surface of an intergranular fracture in 7079-T651 aluminum that failed under stress-corrosion cracking conditions in a 3.5% chloride solution. Transmission electron microscopy replica
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 6 High-cycle fatigue in D6AC steel at Δ K > 60 MPa m (54.6 ksi in . ). (a) Macroscopic view of rapid fatigue growth under plane-stress conditions. (b) High-quality transmission electron microscopy replica showing elongated shear dimples from fatigue region
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 54 High-cycle fatigue in D6AC steel at Δ K > 60 M P a m (54.6 ksi in .). (a) Macroscopic view of rapid fatigue growth under plane-stress conditions. (b) High-quality transmission electron microscopy replica showing elongated shear dimples from fatigue region
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Published: 15 January 2021
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Published: 15 January 2021
but more probably sites of previous intergranular inclusions. The corrosion debris may be seen projecting from the fracture surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy; original magnification: 6600×
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Published: 15 January 2021
at the left, with pronounced cleavage steps on its right-hand slope. The corrosion debris remaining from service and extracted by the replica may be seen projecting from the surface. Transmission electron microscopy; original magnification: 2400×
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Published: 01 January 2002
electron microscopy fractographs of four locations on the fracture surface. 7500×. Intergranular modes of fracture are shown in (b) and (c); a transgranular mode, typical of corrosion fatigue, is shown in (d). The fractograph in (e) was taken in the region of crack arrest and indicates an intergranular
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in Failure of a Thick-Wall Casing for a Steam Turbine by Cracking
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
electron microscopy fractographs of four locations on the fracture surface. 7500×. Intergranular modes of fracture are shown in (b) and (c); a transgranular mode, typical of corrosion fatigue, is shown in (d). The fractograph in (e) was taken in the region of crack arrest and indicates an intergranular
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Published: 30 August 2021
) Transmission electron microscopy fractographs of four locations on the fracture surface. Original magnification of all: 7500×. Intergranular modes of fracture are shown in (b) and (c); a transgranular mode, typical of corrosion fatigue, is shown in (d). The fractograph in (e) was taken in the region of crack
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0091475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... , and intergranular separation, as shown in the stereo pair of Fig. 3 , which is characteristic of hydrogen embrittlement of high-stress steels. Debris from the final reaction to which the part was exposed has resulted in artifacts on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) replicas, but there appears...
Abstract
A type 431 stainless steel mushroom-head closure fractured in service at a hydrogen pressure of 3000 atm. Fracture occurred at room temperature after miscellaneous chemical service that included exposures to hydrogen at temperatures from ambient to 350 deg C (662 deg F). Investigation (visual inspection and 2400x/6600x TEM analysis) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by hydrogen embrittlement, not SCC as might have been suspected. No recommendations were made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0045918
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... on selected-area diffraction is provided in the article “Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy” in Volume 10 of ASM Handbook , formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook ). The diffraction pattern obtained most closely matched the pattern for niobium tetrafluoride. Auger analyses were conducted...
Abstract
Cracks, with no other damage, were observed in a niobium alloy (Nb-106) part when it was pulled from several months of protective storage for assembly into a rocket nozzle. SEM views showed the cracks to be intergranular, with contaminant particles on a large number of the grain facets. EDX analysis showed they consisted of niobium and fluorine. Plastic replicas, prepared by standard TEM techniques, were analyzed with selected-area electron diffraction, showing a pattern match for niobium tetrafluoride. Auger analyses showed electron spectra containing peaks representing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine. Investigation into the processing history of the part showed the tenacious oxide film formed by the affinity of niobium for oxygen - even when heat treated in a vacuum – was removed with a combination of strong acids: nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and lactic, resulting in the contaminants found on the surface. Thus, residues of the cleaning acid on the part had caused SCC during storage, with the tensile stresses necessary to generate SCC assumed to have been residual stresses from the heat treatment. Recommendation was made that more stringent cleaning procedures to remove any trace of the cleaning acids be used.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001681
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
...). To assist in this procedure, a microstructural analysis was made of the cast components. This involved optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). IN SEM and STEM, microchemical analyses were...
Abstract
A microstructural analysis has been made of a burner nozzle removed from service in a coal gasification plant. The nozzle was a casting of a Co-29wt%Cr-19wt%Fe alloy. Extensive hot corrosion had occurred on the surface. There was penetration along grain boundaries, and corrosion products in these regions were particularly rich in S, and also contained Al, Si, O, and Cl. The grain boundaries contained Cr-rich particles which were probably Cr23-C6 type carbides. In the matrix, corrosion occurred between the Widmanstatten plates. Particles were found between these plates, most of which were rich in Cr and O, and probably were Cr2-O3 oxides. Other matrix particles were found which were rich in Al, O, and S. The corrosion was related to these grain boundary and matrix particles, which either produced a Cr-depleted zone around them or were themselves attacked.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0006448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... ( Fig. 1f ). Metallographic examination showed that the pitting progressed in an intergranular corrosive pattern ( Fig. 1g ). The microstructure was acceptable for type 440C martensitic stainless steel. Electron optical examination of the fractures by transmission electron microscopy produced...
Abstract
Three wing flap hinge bearings were received by the laboratory for analysis. The bearings were fabricated from chromium-plated type 440C martensitic stainless steel. The intergranular fracture pattern seen in the electron fractographs, coupled with the corrosion pits observed on the inner diam of the bearings, strongly suggested that failure initiated by pitting and progressed by SCC or hydrogen embrittlement from the plating operation. It was recommended that the extent of the flap hinge bearing cracking problem be determined by using nondestructive inspection because it is possible to crack hardened type 440C during the chromium plating process. An inspection for pitting on the bearing inner diam was also recommended. It was suggested that electroless nickel be used as a coating for the entire bearing. A review of the chromium plating and baking sequence was recommended also to ensure that a source of hydrogen is not introduced during the plating operation.
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