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traction testing

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... phase material, one can use various x-ray spectrographic techniques in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study describes those metallographic and SEM analysis techniques for determining the mode of failure for a locomotive traction motor by LME. Intergranular fracture...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... components superplastic deformation boundary sliding dislocation creep high-strength low alloy steel decohesions traction testing grain size elongation Ti-Nb microalloyed ultrafine-grained steel (UGS steel, general) high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA steel, general) Introduction A material...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides a background of friction-bearing failures due to overheating. The failures of locomotive axles caused by overheated traction-motor support bearings are discussed. The article also describes liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) in steel. It examines the results...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... traction engines in the hands of New Zealand hobbyists. Annual inspections of these boilers is mandatory, and it was during such an inspection that the stud was accidentally dropped. Visual Examination of General Physical Features The sample provided was 154 mm (6 in.) long and 31 mm (1.2...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001496
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... Abstract A failed spiral gear and pinion set made from 4320H Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel operating in a high-speed electric traction motor gear unit driving a rapid transit train were submitted for analysis. The pinion was intact, but the gear had broken into two sections that resulted when two...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... specified: iron, traction steel, cast steel, extra strong cast steel (a.k.a. mild plow steel), plow steel, improved plow steel, extra-improved plow steel, and extra-extra-improved plow steel. Lower-strength grades have been almost completely discontinued. Improved plow steel, extra-improved plow steel...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001601
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... anneal. The hardness and percentage thickness reduction associated with each pass are shown in Table 1 . The flow formed tube, after undergoing a total percentage thickness reduction of about 88%, was trimmed, and tensile test samples were taken from a fully formed extra length of the tube as per ASTM...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... or disprove the initial cursory reaction at the expense of other hypotheses. Objectivity is lost before the job is even started. The examination itself should be designed to test a broad range of conditions, yet not be so exhaustive as to become impractical because of excessive expense or time. Design...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
..., manufacturing procedures, and service history. Detailed knowledge of these factors can often be helpful in guiding the direction of failure investigation and corrective action. Design Parameters The failure analyst should have copies of the detail and assembly drawings as well as the material and testing...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... and extent. For LMIE, subcritical crack growth rate is extremely rapid; plateau velocities of inches per second (0.1 m/s) have been measured in fracture-mechanics-type tests. These tests also gave very low threshold stress intensities for crack growth. Because of the rapid crack growth, failure of small...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... on LMIE ( Ref 3 ) and SMIE ( Ref 4 ) in Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , Volume 13A of the ASM Handbook , 2003. Characteristics of Liquid-Metal- and Solid-Metal-Induced Embrittlement Like other forms of environmentally induced or assisted cracking, both LMIE and SMIE require...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of the many gear lubrication challenges.) Within the individual tooth contact area, the net stress is a combination of subsurface Hertzian fatigue stress and surface traction stress. Similar to the action in a rolling-element bearing, each portion of the gear tooth and the lubricant on the tooth is only...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies. ceramics impact wear metals polymers wear modeling IMPACT OR PERCUSSIVE WEAR has been defined as “the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... laboratory bending-fatigue tests have been conducted to evaluate this relationship. Laboratory bending life can be determined; however, field service life can seldom be judged by these results, because many factors that exist under service conditions cannot be simulated under controlled laboratory testing...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... modes of adhesive wear including scoring, scuffing, seizure, and galling, and describes the processes involved in classic laboratory-type and standardized tests for the evaluation of adhesive wear. It includes information on standardized galling tests, twist compression, slider-on-flat-surface, load...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006792
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., and provides information on physics and testing of rolling-contact fatigue. Processes commonly used to produce bearings for demanding applications are also covered. coatings Hertzian contact theory rolling-contact fatigue rolling-element bearings surface-initiated fatigue wear ROLLING-CONTACT...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...× Rolling-Contact Fatigue Testing The aforementioned complexity in underpinning the exact failure mechanism has led to simplified experimental contact model configurations (RCF tribometers), which have been extensively used to investigate the influence of changes in bearing materials, residual stress...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... (or cycles to failure) in a component, the fatigue driving force and resistance parameters must be well understood. As such, geometry, material properties, and accurate characterization of the applied loading are required. Furthermore, fatigue test data that describe material behavior as a function of stress...