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Examples of histograms. These show distribution of tensile properties among...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Examples of histograms. These show distribution of tensile properties among different heats of grade 1117 cold-drawn steel bars. Tested were round bars, 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter, 25 heats from 2 mills.
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Effect of molybdenum content on the elevated-temperature tensile properties...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 22 Effect of molybdenum content on the elevated-temperature tensile properties of 4% Si ductile irons annealed at 790 °C (1450 °F)
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Book Chapter
Failed Missile Launcher Detent Spring
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
.... Elongation Hardness Heat treatment Leaf springs, Mechanical properties Mechanical properties Plastic deformation Tensile strength Yield strength Inconel 718 UNS N07718 Heat treating-related failures Plastic bending Background The detent spring missile launcher failed in service during...
Abstract
A missile detached from a Navy fighter jet during a routine landing on an aircraft carrier deck because of a faulty missile launcher detent spring. Visual inspection of Inconel 718 detent spring assembly revealed that four of the nine spring leafs comprising the assembly were plastically deformed while two of the deformed leafs did not meet minimal hardness or tensile requirements. Liquid penetrant testing revealed no cracks or other surface discontinuities on the leaf springs. Material sectioned from the soft spring leafs was heat-treated according to specifications in the laboratory. The resultant increase in mechanical properties of the re-heat-treated material indicated that the original heat treatment was not performed correctly. The failure was attributed to improper heat treatment. Recommendations focused on more stringent quality control of the heat-treat operations.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics—An Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers. elastomers fibers mechanical testing plastics PLASTICS ARE VISCOELASTIC materials in which mechanical...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. It describes the test methods and provides comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are also briefly described. The article discusses the processes involved in the short-term and long-term tensile testing of plastics. Information on the strength/modulus and deflection tests, impact toughness, hardness testing, and fatigue testing of plastics is also provided. The article describes tension testing of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers.
Book Chapter
Failure of a Reversible Flap Valve in a Thermal Power Station
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... . Results of chemical analysis Table 1 Results of chemical analysis Material Composition, % C Mn Si S P Carbon steel plate 0.19 1.08 0.12 0.026 0.039 Carbon steel forging 0.10 0.50 0.10 0.036 0.042 Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties...
Abstract
A reversible four-way carbon steel flap valve in a thermal power station failed after 7 years of service. The flap had been fabricated by welding two carbon steel plates to both sides of a carbon steel forging. The valve was used for reversing the flow direction of seawater in the cooling system of a condenser. Visual examination of the flap showed crystalline fracture, indicating a brittle failure. Metallographic examination, chemical analyses, and tensile and impact testing indicated that the failure was caused by the notch sensitivity of the forging material, which resulted in low toughness. It was recommended that fully killed carbon steel with a fine-grain microstructure be used. Redesign of the flap to remove the step in the forging that acted as a notch was also recommended.
Book Chapter
Investigation on a Damaged Propeller Blade
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... alloy. Further, in the broken blade there was no difference in composition near the surface where cracks were present compared to the one third thickness location. Tensile Properties Six tensile specimens, 12.7 mm in diameter in the gauge length, were machined from the two propeller blades. Four...
Abstract
The paper describes the findings from a damaged propeller blade made from Mn-Ni-Al-bronze, commercially known as Superston 70 (ABS Type 5). The blade had broken at the 0.65 pitch radius location, and the fracture occurred in a brittle mode. The findings reported here point to two potential contributors to the propeller blade failure, viz., the presence of casting flaws at the low pressure side of the propeller blade and service stresses at this surface that reached approximately 400 MPa. This stress value exceeded the yield strength at the corresponding location of the unbroken blade by approximately 40%.
Book Chapter
Catastrophic Failure of an 1830 mm (72 in.) Diam Spiral-Welded Water Line
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Tensile Properties Four tensile test specimens were prepared. Numbers 1 and 2 were taken from the inner plate of the failure and No. 3 and 4 from the first line failure. All of the samples met specifications and exhibited reasonable ductility, as shown in Table 2 . Tensile properties of test...
Abstract
The repeated failure of a welded ASTM A283 grade D pipe that was part of a 6 km (4 mi) line drawing and conducting river water to a water treatment plant was investigated. Failure analysis was conducted on sections of pipe from the third failure. Visual, macrofractographic, SEM fractographic, metallographic, chemical, and mechanical property (tension and impact toughness) analyses were conducted. On the basis of the tests and observations, it was concluded that the failure was the combined result of poor notch toughness (impact) properties of the steel, high stresses in the joint area, a possible stress raiser at the intersection of the spiral weld and girth weld, and sudden impact loading, probably due to water hammer. Use of a semi- or fully killed steel with a minimum Charpy V-notch impact value of 20 J (15 ft·lbf) at 0 deg C (32 deg F) was recommended for future water lines. Certified test results from the steel mill, procedure qualification tests of the welding, and design changes to reduce water hammer were also recommended.
Book Chapter
The Effects of Sulfide Inclusions on Mechanical Properties and Failures of Steel Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... propagation rates, fracture toughness, notch toughness, and transverse tensile properties, and do so in an anisotropic manner with respect to rolling direction. Significant property anisotropy has been documented in the failures investigated, providing evidence that designers failed to account for it. Typical...
Abstract
A number of failures involving carbon and alloy steels were analyzed to assess the effects of inclusions and their influence on mechanical properties. Inclusions, including brittle oxides and more ductile manganese sulfides (MnS), affect fatigue endurance limit, fatigue crack propagation rates, fracture toughness, notch toughness, and transverse tensile properties, and do so in an anisotropic manner with respect to rolling direction. Significant property anisotropy has been documented in the failures investigated, providing evidence that designers failed to account for it. Typical fracture morphologies observed in such cases and metallographic appearances of MnS-containing materials are illustrated.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... assembly revealed tensile properties well below the allowable design values. Radiology and CT evaluations revealed no casting defects. Optical microscopy revealed porosity uniformly distributed throughout the casting on the order of 0.1 mm pore diam. Scanning electron microscopy revealed elongated pores...
Abstract
In the EMD-2 Joint Directed Attack Munition (JDAM), the A357 aluminum alloy housing had been redesigned and cast via permanent mold casting, but did not meet the design strength requirements of the previous design. Mechanical tests on thick and thin sections of the forward housing assembly revealed tensile properties well below the allowable design values. Radiology and CT evaluations revealed no casting defects. Optical microscopy revealed porosity uniformly distributed throughout the casting on the order of 0.1 mm pore diam. Scanning electron microscopy revealed elongated pores, which indicated turbulent filling of the mold. Spherical pores would have indicated the melt had been improperly degassed. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the manufacturer analyze and redesign the gating system to eliminate the turbulent flow problem during the permanent mold casting process.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Failure of a Carbon Steel Piston Shaft on an Extrusion Press Billet-Loading Tray
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
..., and mechanical (hardness and tensile properties) analyses of failed shaft specimens were conducted. The examinations showed that the shafts had failed by fatigue. It was recommended that a low-alloy steel (e.g., 3% Ni-Cr) in the hardened and tempered condition and subjected to shot-peening surface-hardening...
Abstract
A recurring piston shaft failure problem on the billet-loading tray of an extrusion press was investigated. Two shafts fractured within a period of 10 days. The shaft was machined from normalized EN3 (AISI C1022) steel stock without further treatment. Visual, microstructural, chemical, and mechanical (hardness and tensile properties) analyses of failed shaft specimens were conducted. The examinations showed that the shafts had failed by fatigue. It was recommended that a low-alloy steel (e.g., 3% Ni-Cr) in the hardened and tempered condition and subjected to shot-peening surface-hardening treatment be used. The provision of a stop to reduce bending stresses was also recommended.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Fracture of Aluminum Wires in High-Voltage Electrical Cables in Alaska
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... bal bal Mechanical Properties Hardness Microhardness measurements were made next to the fractures/wire joints and the base wire. The hardness was 53 to 57 HRB. No significant hardness gradient was found at the wire joint. Tensile Properties The tensile properties of the base wire...
Abstract
Several wires in aluminum conductor cables fractured within 5 to 8 years of, service in Alaskan tundra. The cables were comprised of 19-wire strands; the wires were aluminum alloy 6201-T81. Visual and metallographic examinations of the cold-upset pressure weld joints in the wires established that the fractures were caused by fatigue loading attributable to wind/thermal factors at the joints. The grain flow at the joints was transverse to the wire axis, rendering the notches of the joints sensitive to fatigue loading. An additional contributory factor was intergranular corrosion, which assisted fatigue crack initiation/propagation. The failure was attributed to the departure of conductor quality from the requirements of ASTM B 398 and B 399, which specify that “no joints shall be made during final drawing or in the finished wire” and that the joints should not be closer than 15 m (50 ft). The failed cable did not meet either criterion. It was recommended that the replacement cable be inspected for strict compliance to ASTM requirements.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... agent—in this case, chlorine and sulfur. Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties A turned tensile specimen was machined from a section of the rod that was unaffected by the gas impingement. Tests yielded the following results: yield strength, 771.5 MPa (111.9 ksi); ultimate tensile strength...
Abstract
A tie rod, nut, and bellows from a failed 610 mm (24 in.) diam tied universal expansion joint that carried tail gases consisting of N 2 + O 2 with slight traces of nitrogen oxides and water were examined. The materials were SA 193-B7 (AISI 4140), SA 194–214, and Incoloy 800H, respectively. Visual examination of the bellows revealed cracks in heavily cold-worked areas (both inside and outside) and considerable corrosion. SEM analysis showed a classical intergranular failure pattern with microcracking. The threaded tie rod microstructure contained spheroidized carbide that was more pronounced at the tie rod end of the failure. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of fracture surfaces from the bellows showed the presence of chlorine and sulfur. Failure of the bellows was attributed to stress-corrosion cracking, with chlorine and sulfur being the corroding agents. The rod damage was the result of failure of the bellows, which allowed escaping hot gases to impinge on the tie rods and heat them to approximately 595 deg C (1100 deg F). It was recommended that the insulation be analyzed to determine the origin of the chlorine and sulfur and that it be replaced if necessary.
Book Chapter
Effect of Prior Processing on the Performance of PH 13-8 Mo Stainless Steel Helicopter Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
..., the hardness values of the “A” and “B” components were closer to the typical values of H1000 than the “C” components. The relative difference in hardness between the “A”, “B”, and “C” samples was consistent with their respective tensile properties (see Table 2 ). The highest hardness values obtained were from...
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the root cause of the differences noted in the fatigue test data of main rotor spindle assembly retaining rods fabricated from three different vendors, as part of a Second Source evaluation process. ARL performed dimensional verification, accessed overall workmanship, and measured the respective surface roughness of the rods in an effort to identify any discrepancies. Next, mechanical testing was performed, followed by optical and electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. Finally, ARL performed laboratory heat treatments at the required aging temperature and follow-up mechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Metallurgical Investigation into the Incidence of Delayed Catastrophic Cracking in Low Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel Coils
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001839
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... and as such, revealed no abnormalities with respect to the microstructure and mechanical properties, what so ever. However, a pronounced loss of tensile ductility was observed in steel samples, which were sent back by the customer with complaint after several months of dispatch. The coil samples received in form...
Abstract
Several stainless steel coils cracked during a routine unwinding procedure, prompting an investigation to determine the cause. The analysis included optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and tensile testing. An examination of the fracture surfaces revealed a brittle intercrystalline mode of fracture with typical manifestations of clear grain facets. Branched and discrete stepwise microcracks were also found along with unusually high levels of residual hydrogen. Mechanical tests revealed a marked loss of tensile ductility in the defective steel with elongations barely approaching 8%, compared to 50% at the time of delivery weeks earlier. Based on the timing interval and the fact that failure occurred at operating stresses well below the yield point of the material, the failure is being attributed to hydrogen-induced damage. Potential sources of hydrogen are considered as are remedial measures for controlling hydrogen content in steels.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Failure of an Axle From a Prototype Urban Transit Vehicle
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... specification M101. Specified mechanical properties were: ultimate tensile strength, 830 MPa (120 ksi) (min); yield strength, 690 MPa (100 ksi) (min); elongation, 15% (min). Specimen Selection Two sections of the failed axle, containing the fractured faces, were submitted for examination. Visual...
Abstract
Failed portions of a 4140 steel axle from a prototype urban transit vehicle were examined to determine the cause of failure. The testing procedures included visual examination, macrofractography, metallography, chemical analysis, and hardness and tensile testing. The analysis showed that a salvage welding repair had resulted in the formation of martensite that developed cracks, leading to fatigue failure of the axle. It was recommended that no weld buildup or repair be permitted on the axles.
Book Chapter
Mercury Liquid Embrittlement Failure of 5083-O Aluminum Alloy Piping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... intermetallic compound. Tensile Properties Tensile tests were performed at 25 °C (78 °F). Tensile specimens were machined from the elbow/pipe weld (W-3) opposite the through-wall crack. Two new welds were made in the laboratory from 5083 piping for additional tests. The filler metal was 5183. These new...
Abstract
The failure mode of through-wall cracking of a butt weld in a 5083-O aluminum alloy piping system in an ethylene plant was identified as mercury liquid metal embrittlement. As a result of this finding, 226 of the more than 400 butt welds in the system were ultrasonically inspected for cracking. One additional weld was found that had been degraded by mercury. A welding team experienced in repairing mercury contaminated piping was recruited to make the repairs. Corrective action included the installation of a sulfur-impregnated charcoal mercury-removal bed and replacement of the aluminum equipment that was in operation prior to the installation of the mercury-removal bed.
Book Chapter
Sprocket Locking Device Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0089254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
.... The material was revealed by chemical analysis to be resulfurized grade of carbon steel (SAE type 1144, UNS G11440) which has enhanced longitudinal tensile properties but low transverse properties. It was observed that when the fastening screws were torqued, a significant hoop stress was placed on the middle...
Abstract
A failed tapered-ring sprocket locking device consisted of an assembly of four tapered rings that are retained by a series of cap screws. The middle wedge-shaped rings were pulled closer as the screws were tightened forcing the split inner ring to clamp tightly onto the shaft. One of the wedge-shaped middle rings fractured prior to having been fully torqued, preventing the sprocket from being locked to the shaft. “Woody” fracture features, as a result of decohesion between a high volume fractions of manganese sulfide stringers and the matrix, was revealed during examination. The material was revealed by chemical analysis to be resulfurized grade of carbon steel (SAE type 1144, UNS G11440) which has enhanced longitudinal tensile properties but low transverse properties. It was observed that when the fastening screws were torqued, a significant hoop stress was placed on the middle rings and it caused the failure at the large inclusion present at the minimum section thickness zone of the middle ring. It was concluded that since the material contained a high volume fraction of these inclusions, the material choice was not appropriate for this application. A nonresulfurized grade of low-alloy steel was suggested as recommendation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
...), a known promoter of SCC in high-strength steels. Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties Tensile testing verified that the mechanical properties met the A-470 grade 4 specification. Two round tensile bars were machined to different sizes; sample 1 had a gage diameter of 6.4 mm (0.250...
Abstract
An A-470 steel rotor disk was removed from the high-pressure portion of a steam turbine-powered compressor after nondestructive testing revealed cracks in the shoulder of the disk during a scheduled outage. Samples containing cracks were examined using various methods. Multiple cracks, primarily intergranular were found on the inlet and outlet faces along prior-austenite grain boundaries. The cracks initiated at the surface and propagated inward. Multiple crack branching was observed. Many of the cracks were filled with iron oxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of sodium on crack surfaces, which is indicative of NaOH-induced stress-corrosion cracking. Failure was attributed to superheater problems that resulted in caustic carryover from the boiler. Two options for disk repair, installing a shrink-fit disk or applying weld buildup, were recommended. Weld repair was chosen, and the rotor was returned to service; it has performed for more than 1 year without further incident.
Book Chapter
Failure of a Sprocket Drive Wheel in a Tracked All-Terrain Vehicle
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... effect on the ductility of the alloy. Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties Four tensile test pieces, 75 mm (3 in.) long and 6.4 mm ( 1 4 in.) in diameter, were taken from the flange between the bolt holes, as indicated in Fig. 1 The results of tensile tests are shown in Table 2...
Abstract
A sand-cast LM6M aluminum alloy sprocket drive wheel in an all-terrain vehicle failed. Extensive cracking had occurred around each of the six bolt holes in the wheel. Evidence of considerable deformation in this area was also noted. Examination indicated that the part failed because of gross overload. Use of an alloy with a much higher yield strength and improvement in design were recommended.
Book Chapter
Failure of a Seat on a School Playground Swing Set
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
.... The higher chromium content is typical of type 430 stainless steel. Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties The manufacturer specified a tensile strength of 205 MPa (30 ksi) and an elongation of 20%, normal values for type 400 stainless steels.tensile testing of four specimens yielded average...
Abstract
The failure during use of a seat on a heavy-duty swing set at an elementary school was investigated. The seat contained a perforated reinforcing sheet metal (galvanized type 430 stainless steel) insert covered by an elastomeric material. Specimens of the reinforcing sheet from the failed seat were examined using SEM fractography, tensile and ductility tests, and spectrographic chemical analysis. The test results showed that the steel used did not meet the manufacturer's specifications for ductility (elongation). In addition, the small-diameter punched holes caused a stress concentration factor that aggravated the brittleness of the steel.
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