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tangential stress
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in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Maximum shear stress planes for radial and tangential stresses created by necking. Source: Ref 54
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Image
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 36 Maximum shear-stress planes for radial and tangential stresses created by necking. Source: Ref 55
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... sleeve fatigue fracture insufficient nitriding tangential stress chromium steel axial cracks beach marks microstructural analysis nitriding depth 38CrMoAl (chromium-molybdenum-aluminum alloy steel) Background A bearing sleeve assembled with the locomotive turbocharger-main shaft...
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to determine what caused a bearing sleeve in a locomotive turbocharger to fail. The sleeve, which is made of nitrided 38CrMoAl steel, fractured at the transition fillet between the cylinder and plate. Visual examination revealed significant wear on the external surface of the cylinder, with multiple origin fatigue fracture appearing to be the dominant fracture mechanism. Metallurgical examination indicated that the nitrided layer was not as deep as it was supposed to be and had worn away on the outer surface of the sleeve, exposing the soft matrix underneath. This led to further wear and an increase in friction between the sleeve and bearing bush. Fatigue crack initiation occurred at the root fillet because of stress concentration and large frictional forces. Insufficient nitriding depth facilitated the propagation of fatigue cracks.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
..., supporting carriages, and turntable rail Stresses in the rail result from the weight of the carriage, test section floor, and other elements, as well as from loads transferred from the model during testing. These stresses are typically small. However, large, residual, tangential stresses are believed...
Abstract
Persistent cracking in a forged 1080 steel turntable rail in a wind tunnel test section was investigated. All cracks were oriented transverse to the axis of the rail, and some had propagated through the flange into the web. Through-flange cracks had been repair welded. A section of the flange containing one through-flange crack was examined using various methods. Results indicated that the cracks had initiated from intergranular quench cracks caused by the use of water as the quenching medium. Brittle propagation of the cracks was promoted by high residual stresses acting in conjunction with applied loads. Repair welding was discontinued to prevent the introduction of additional residual stress., Finite-element analysis was used to show that the rail could tolerate existing cracks. Periodic inspection to monitor the degree of cracking was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... times the operating pressure, without fracture initiation or observable elongation. Subsequently the water pressure was increased in steps of 5 at. Only at 155 at. corresponding to a tangential tensile stress of 34 kp/mm 2 , did the inner pressure drop significantly to 150 at. This value corresponds...
Abstract
A welded natural gas line of 400 mm OD and 9 mm wall thickness made of unalloyed steel with 0.22C had to be removed from service after four months because of a pipe burst. Metallographic examination showed the pipe section located next to the gas entrance was permeated by cracks or blisters almost over its entire perimeter in agreement with the ultrasonic test results. Only the weld seam and a strip on each side of it were crack-free. Based on this investigation, the pipeline was taken out of service and reconstructed. To avoid such failures in the future, two preventative measures may be considered. One is to desulfurize the gas. Based on tests, however, the desulfurization would have to be carried very far to be successful. The second possibility is to dry the gas to such an extent as to prevent condensate, and this corrosion, from forming no matter how low winter temperatures may drop. This measure was ultimately recommended, deemed more effective and cheaper.
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 27 (a) Investigation of crack length extension under a partial slip condition as a function of the tangential force amplitude. Compressive residual stresses limit the crack propagation. (b) Investigation of wear volume extension under a gross slip condition as a function of the friction
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... with the normal stress that is partly accommodated in the brittle fracture of the parent materials. The effect of normal stress on wear increases as the angle of contact increases. The second factor is related to the tangential stress and accelerates delamination of the protective surface film. The influence...
Abstract
This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear apparatus. Most mechanical components continue to be functional beyond the zero wear limit, and their usefulness is normally connected with the loss of a specific depth of material. The article reviews the zero impact wear model and some measurable impact wear models. It presents a case study illustrating the impact of wear failure on automotive engine inlet valves and seat inserts.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... 1960, and a central bore was required to remove unconsolidated and high-impurity segregated material from the center. This bore also facilitated ultrasonic inspection of the forging volume from the bore side for defects buried near it. Such rotors experience high centrifugal tangential stresses...
Abstract
Numerous flaws were detected in a steam turbine rotor during a scheduled inspection and maintenance outage. A fracture-mechanics-based analysis of the flaws showed that the rotor could not be safely returned to service. Material, samples from the bore were analyzed to evaluate the actual mechanical properties and to determine the metallurgical cause of the observed indications. Samples were examined in a scanning electron microscope and subjected to chemical analysis and several mechanical property tests, including tensile, Charpy V-notch impact, and fracture toughness. The material was found to be a typical Cr-Mo-V steel, and it met the property requirements. No evidence of temper embrittlement was found. The analyses showed that the observed flaws were present in the original forging and attributed them to lack of ingot consolidation. A series of actions, including overboring of the rotor to remove indications close to the surface and revision of starting procedures, were implemented to extend the remaining life of the rotor and ensure its fitness for continued service.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
.... The crack was 4.8 mm ( 3 16 in.) wide at the tread. The opening decreased linearly to only 1 mm (0.05 in.) at the hub bore. This degree of taper indicated that high tangential residual stresses were present in the rim at the time of failure. Testing Procedure and Results Surface Examination...
Abstract
An ASTM A 504 carbon steel railway car wheel that was used on a train in a metropolitan railway system failed during service, causing derailment. The wheel was completely fractured from rim to hub. Macrofractography of the fracture surface showed road grime, indicating that the crack had existed for a considerable time prior to derailment and initiated in the flange. Failure propagated from the flange across the rim and down the plate to the bore of the hub. Two zones that exhibited definite signs of heating were observed. The fracture initiation site was typical of fatigue fracture. No defects were found that could have contributed to failure. The wheel conformed to the chemical, microstructural, and hardness requirements for class A wheels. Failure was attributed to repeated severe heating and cooling of the rim and flange due to brake locking or misapplication of the hand brake. It was recommended that the brake system on the car be examined and replaced if necessary.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0060104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... the outer surface, frequently at pits, and penetrated the tube wall in a transgranular, branching fashion. The crack features were characteristic of chloride stress-corrosion cracking. In many cases, the cracking, rather than penetrating straight through the tube wall, veered off in a tangential direction...
Abstract
Eddy current inspection was performed on a vertical evaporator unit (that contained 180 tubes) used in a chemical processing plant. It was advised that the tube material was type 316 stainless steel. The shell-side fluid was condensate and gaseous methylene chloride, while the tube-side fluid was contaminated liquid methylene chloride. More than 100 tubes exhibiting severe outer surface pitting and cracklike indications near each tube sheet were revealed during eddy current inspection. It was observed that the indications correlated with rust-stained, pitted, and cracked areas on the outer surfaces. The cracking was revealed by metallographic examination to have initiated from the outer surface, frequently at pits, and penetrated the tube wall in a transgranular, branching fashion. The crack features were characteristic of chloride stress-corrosion cracking. A change in tube material was recommended to avoid future failures and loss of service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... stress on wear increases as the angle of contact increases. The second factor is related to the tangential stress and accelerates delamination of the protective surface film. The influence of shear decreases as the angle (from 45 to 90°) of contact increases. A model illustrating the dependency of impact...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001602
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... of the stresses experienced by the columnar and equiaxial grains, respectively. In the case of the analyzed buckets, the principal stresses distributed according to this equation are the tangential stresses due to the shearing force F, which includes the action of the centrifugal force, gas flow...
Abstract
This article presents a failure analysis of 37.5 mW gas turbine third stage buckets made of Udimet 500 superalloy. The buckets experienced repetitive integral tip shroud fractures assisted by a low temperature (type II) hot corrosion. A detailed analysis was carried out on elements thought to have influenced the failure process: a) the stress increase from the loss of a load bearing cross-sectional area of the bucket tip shroud by the conversion of metal to the corrosion product (scale), b) influence of the tip shroud microstructure (e.g., a presence of equiaxed and columnar grains, their distribution and orientation), c) evidence of the transgranular initiation, and d) intergranular creep mechanism propagation. The most probable cause of the bucket damage was the combination of increased stresses due to corrosion-induced thinning of the tip shroud and unfavorable microstructures in the tip shroud region.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... For thin walled cylinders, the principal normal stress is the tangential stress, or hoop stress, which may be calculated using the relationship (Eq 1) σ 1 = Pr t where P is the operating pressure of the pipeline (approximately 560 psi or 3.9MPa for this pipeline at the time...
Abstract
A natural gas pipeline explosion and subsequent fire significantly altered the pipeline steel microstructure, obscuring in part the primary cause of failure, namely, coating breakdown at a local hard spot in the steel. Chemical analysis was made on pieces cut from the portion of the pipe that did not fracture during the explosion and from piece 5-1 which contained the fracture origin site. Both pieces were found to have 0.30% carbon and 1.2% Mn with sulfur and phosphorus impurities acceptably low. Fracture mechanics analysis used in conjunction with fractographic results confirmed the existence of a very hard spot in the steel prior to the explosion, which was softened significantly in the ensuing fire. This finding allowed the micromechanism leading to fracture to be identified as hydrogen embrittlement resulting from cathodic charging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... that cracking was due to corrosion-fatigue, which arose from the combined effect of a fluctuating tensile stress in the presence of a mildly corrosive environment. Corrosion environments Magnetic particle testing Optical microscopy Steam pipes Tensile stress Weld metal Welded steel Joining-related...
Abstract
The bottom flange of a vertical pipe coupled to an isolating valve in a steam supply line to a turbine failed. Steam pressure was 1,500 psi and the temperature 416 deg C (780 deg F). Multiple cracking occurred in the bore of the flange. A quarter-segment was cut out and examined. The cracks were located in the part of the flange that formed a continuation of the pipe bore. The majority of them originated at the end of the flange bore and extended axially along the pipe and radially across the flange face. Magnetic crack detection revealed a further number of cracks in the weld deposit. While the fracture in the weld metal was of the ductile type exhibiting a fine fibrous appearance, that in the flange material was of the cleavage type. Microscopic examination revealed that the cracks were blunt-ended fissures of the type characteristic of corrosion-fatigue. It was concluded that cracking was due to corrosion-fatigue, which arose from the combined effect of a fluctuating tensile stress in the presence of a mildly corrosive environment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is termed fretting fatigue , or contact fatigue . Fatigue cracks also may initiate where the contacting surfaces are under a very heavy normal load or where there is a static tensile stress in one of the surfaces. There are cases where the movement is not simply tangential but is complicated by the normal...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration, type of contact and vibration, impact fretting, surface finish, and residual stresses. The form, composition, and role of the debris are briefly discussed. The article also describes the measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. It concludes with several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to determine C A is time-consuming and complicated and requires the stiffness estimation of the test apparatus (i.e., C A = 1/K A ). However, by plotting the (δ m − Q ) fretting loop ( Fig. 7 ), the tangential force amplitude, Q * , is determined, allowing the contact stress investigation to predict...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... is situated at a place normally not tensile stressed and can thus only have generated secondarily due to changed load conditions after the formation of the first incipient crack. The teeth showed many pits on the gear side where the fractures are located, too. However, the pittings were found only...
Abstract
The rim of a gear wheel of 420 mm width and 3100 mm in diam broke after four years of operation time in a sheet bar three-high rolling mill. The rim was forged from steel with about 0.4C, 0.8Si and 1.1Mn. The rim started to break in the tooth bottom from a fatigue fracture which extended from the gear side to more than half the rim width. A second incipient failure commenced from the opposite tooth bottom. Both fractures joined below the tooth of the rim. Both incipient cracks were fatigue fractures with several starting points, all located in the transition between tooth flank and tooth bottom. The remaining failure was a fine-grained ductile fracture. It was found that the teeth were not supported uniformly over the entire width and were thus overloaded on one side. The transition from the tooth flanks to the tooth bottom was sharp-edged, causing a tension peak there. The tooth bottom was machined only roughly. Also, the yield point was a little bit too low.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... of fatigue cracks. Failure of the one impeller and the cracking of the others were attributed to “low-cycle high-strain fatigue” due to fluctuating circumferential (hoop) stresses. Centrifgual pumps Impellers Stresses 2.5Ni-Cr-Mo Fatigue fracture One impeller of a two-stage centrifugal air...
Abstract
One 49-in. impeller of a two-stage centrifugal air compressor disrupted without warning, causing extensive damage to the casings, the second impeller, and the driving gear box. Prior to the mishap, the machine had run normally, with no indications of abnormal vibration, temperature, or pressure. Initial failure had taken place in the floating dished inlet plate (eye plate) of the first-stage impeller. Failure occurred predominantly by tearing along the lines of rivet holes for the longer blades, these extended for practically the full radial width of the dished plate. Examination of the fractured surfaces showed that failure had been preceded by fatigue cracking. The material from which the dish plate was forged was a Ni-Cr-Mo steel in the oil hardened and tempered condition. Fractographic examination of the surface of the cracks showed striation markings indicative of the progress of fatigue cracks. Failure of the one impeller and the cracking of the others were attributed to “low-cycle high-strain fatigue” due to fluctuating circumferential (hoop) stresses.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... analyzed by combining the Hertz theory and the theory about stresses induced by tangential force acting on the contact patch under roll/slide contacts. Subsurface distributions of shear stresses used as critical stresses for rolling contact fatigue damage are all influenced by the variation of friction...
Abstract
Rolling contact fatigue is responsible for a large number of industrial equipment failures. It is also one of the main failure modes of components subjected to rolling contact loading such as bearings, cams, and gears. To better understand such failures, an investigation was conducted to assess the role of friction in subsurface fatigue cracking in rolling-sliding contact applications. Based on the results of stress calculations and x-ray diffraction testing of steel samples, friction contributes to subsurface damage primary through its effect on the distribution of orthogonal shear stress. Although friction influences other stress components, the effect is relatively insignificant by comparison. It is thus more appropriate to select orthogonal shear stress as the critical stress when assessing subsurface rolling contact fatigue in rolling-sliding systems.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001724
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... compression, in both longitudinal and tangential directions. While much of this bi-axially stressed metal is removed in the final machining, the designer should realize that apparently similar end bells may have residual stresses at the surface of either compression or tension “of a magnitude likely...
Abstract
Forged austenitic steel rings used on rotor shafts in two 100,000 kW generators burst from overstressing in a region of ventilation holes. A variety of causes contributed to the brittle fractures in the ductile austenitic alloy, including stress concentration by holes, work hardened metal in the bores, and a variable pattern of residual stress.
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