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surface hardness

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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 AISI S7 punch that had a low surface hardness after heat treatment and was given a second carburizing treatment, then rehardened. Cracking was observed after this retreatment (the cracks have been accentuated with magnetic particles). Coarse circumferential machining marks were present More
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 2 Fractured main shaft showing fracture position and surface hardness (HRC) on various journals More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 22 AISI S7 punch that had a low surface hardness after heat treatment and was given a second carburizing treatment, then rehardened. Cracking was observed after this retreatment (the cracks have been accentuated with magnetic particles). Coarse circumferential machining marks were present More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Map of hardness of outside surface of piece 5-1-D, compiled from hardness measurements using Rockwell hardness tests (subsequently, converted to Knoop hardness) and Knoop hardness measurements. More
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 8 The locations of hardness measurements below cracked surface More
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 5 Hardness profile across the weldment on the inner surface of the tank. (a) and on the outer surface (b) More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 31 Surface finish modification factor vs. tensile strength or Brinell hardness for different surface finishes. Adapted from Ref 90 More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 9 Distribution of vickers hardness near the fractured surface. In the symbol I, the middle black point is the mean value of vickers hardness and standard deviation is indicated by the bar enclosed lines. More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 14 Shell position relative to the running surface in rail 5. Vicker's hardness readings show that shell forms at the interface of cold worked and soft material. More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0092155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... (0.020 in.) and a minimum surface hardness equivalent to 58 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection, low-magnification images, 500X images of polished sections etched in 2% nital, spectrographic analysis, and hardness testing) supported the conclusion that the failure occurred by crushing, or cracking...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... tempered martensite. Microhardness measurements revealed that. Although the core hardness of the roller and the inner-race samples were similar, the surface hardness of the roller was approximately 8.5 HRC units harder than that of the inner-race. SEM observations of the roller fracture surface revealed...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... of failure was insufficient surface hardness, resulting from improper heat treatment. A service recall for the remaining pinions was immediately initiated. Hardness Heat treatment Hypoid gears Railroad cars Trains 4820 UNS G48200 Abrasive wear The hypoid pinion shown in Fig. 1 was placed...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c0047406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... to 1045 steel. The pinion was annealed before flame or induction hardening of the teeth to a surface hardness of 363 HRB and a core hardness of 197 HRB. The broken pinion had a tooth which had failed by fatigue fracture through the tooth root because of the low strength from incomplete surface hardening...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0047121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... Abstract A 1050 steel crankshaft with 6.4 cm (2.5 in.) diam journals that measured 87 cm (34.25 in.) in length and weighed 31 kg (69 lb) fractured in service. The shaft had been quenched and tempered to a hardness of 19 to 26 HRC, then selectively hardened on the journals to a surface hardness...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract The connecting end of two forged medium-carbon steel rods used in an application in which they were subjected to severe low-frequency loading failed in service. The fractures extended completely through the connecting end. The surface hardness of the rods was found to be lower than...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0046028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract The 8620 steel latch tip, carburized and then induction hardened to a minimum surface hardness of 62 HRC, on the main-clutch stop arm on a business machine fractured during normal operation when the latch tip was subjected to intermittent impact loading. Fractographic examination 9x...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
.... It was found that gear 1 had a lower hardness than specified while the case hardness of gear 2 was found to be within limits. Both the pitting and the wear pattern were revealed to be more severe on gear 1 than on gear 2. Surface-contact fatigue (pitting) of gear 1 (cause of lower carbon content...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Microhardness gradient through the nitrided layer close to fracture, surface hardness, and macrohardness at the journals were all measured. Fractographic analysis indicated that fatigue was the dominant mechanism of failure...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0047387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract Induction-hardened teeth on a sprocket cast of low-alloy steel wore at an unacceptably high rate. A surface hardness of 50 to 51 HRC was determined; 55 HRC minimum had been specified. Analysis revealed that the alloy content of the steel was adequate for the desired hardenability...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0048257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... in an exothermic atmosphere. It was recommended that steps be taken during heat treatment to ensure neither of the two occurred. Aerospace engines Case hardening Controlled atmosphere Exothermic reactions Surface hardness AMS 6263 UNS K44414 (Other, miscellaneous, or unspecified) failure Heat...