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Iván Uribe Pérez, Tito Luiz da Silveira, Tito Fernando da Silveira, Heloisa Cunha Furtado
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J.B. Elder
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J.P. Howell, D.Z. Nelson
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W. M. Williams, Mark Firth
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Daniel J. Benac
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Daniel J. Benac
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Charlie R. Brooks, Ashok Choudhury
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M. Pepi
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Harry R. Millwater, Jr., Paul H. Wirsching
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M.E. Stevenson, S.L. Lowrie, R.D. Bowman, B.A. Bennett
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David Arencón Osuna, Marcelo de Sousa Pais Antunes, Vera Cristina de Redondo Realinho, José Ignacio Velasco
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Book Chapter
Graphitization in Low Alloy Steel Pressure Vessels and Piping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... effect on material properties and structures. In general, the more randomly distributed the nodules, the less effect they have on structural integrity. In the cases examined, the nodules were found to be organized in planar arrays, indicating they might have an effect on material properties. Closer...
Abstract
Graphitization, the formation of graphite nodules in carbon and low alloy steels, contributes to many failures in high-temperature environments. Three such failures in power-generating systems were analyzed to demonstrate the unpredictable nature of this failure mechanism and its effect on material properties and structures. In general, the more randomly distributed the nodules, the less effect they have on structural integrity. In the cases examined, the nodules were found to be organized in planar arrays, indicating they might have an effect on material properties. Closer inspection, however, revealed that the magnitude of the effect depends on the relative orientation of the planar arrangement and principle tensile stress. For normal orientation, the effect of embrittlement tends to be most severe. Conversely, when the orientation is parallel, the nodules have little or no effect. The cases examined show that knowledge is incomplete in regard to graphitization, and the prediction of its occurrence is not yet possible.
Book Chapter
Remote Inspection of a 46-Year-Old Buried High-Level Waste Storage Tank
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001639
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... indications, four of which were only partially through-wall. The cracks that were examined were found to be slightly longer than expected but still well within the flaw size criteria used to evaluate tank structural integrity. Automated ultrasonic P-scan Ultrasonic ASTM A285 grade B UNS K02200...
Abstract
This paper describes the remote ultrasonic (UT) examinations of a high-level radioactive waste storage tank at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The inspections, carried out by E.R. Holland, R.W. Vande Kamp, and J.B. Elder, were performed from the contaminated, annular space of the 46 year old, inactive, 1.03 million gallon waste storage tank. A steerable, magnetic wheel wall crawler was inserted into the annular space through small (6 in., or 150 mm, diam) holes/risers in the tank top. The crawler carried the equipment used to simultaneously collect data with up to four UT transducers and two cameras. The purpose of this inspection was to verify corrosion models and to investigate the possibility of previously unidentified corrosion sites or mechanisms. The inspections included evaluation of previously identified leak sites, thickness mapping, and crack detection scans on specified areas of the tank. No indications of reportable wall loss or pitting were detected. All thickness readings were above minimum design tank-wall thickness, although several small indications of thinning were noted. The crack detection and sizing examinations revealed five previously undetected indications, four of which were only partially through-wall. The cracks that were examined were found to be slightly longer than expected but still well within the flaw size criteria used to evaluate tank structural integrity.
Book Chapter
Inspection and Analysis of Aluminium Racks in Spent Fuel Storage Basins
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... the removal of the racks from the basin, a failure occurred in one of the racks and the Savannah River Technology Center was asked to investigate. This paper presents the results of the failure analysis and provides a discussion of the effects of corrosion on the structural integrity of the storage racks...
Abstract
Aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel is stored in water filled basins at the Savannah River Site awaiting processing or other disposition. After more than 35 years of service underwater, the aluminum storage racks that position the fuel bundles in the basin were replaced. During the removal of the racks from the basin, a failure occurred in one of the racks and the Savannah River Technology Center was asked to investigate. This paper presents the results of the failure analysis and provides a discussion of the effects of corrosion on the structural integrity of the storage racks.
Book Chapter
An Analysis of Six Fatigue Failures in Cranes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... Abstract Crane collapse due to bolt fatigue and fatigue failure of a crane support column, crane tower, overhead yard crane, hoist rope, and overhead crane drive shaft are described. The first four examples relate to the structural integrity of cranes. However, equipment such as drive and hoist...
Abstract
Crane collapse due to bolt fatigue and fatigue failure of a crane support column, crane tower, overhead yard crane, hoist rope, and overhead crane drive shaft are described. The first four examples relate to the structural integrity of cranes. However, equipment such as drive and hoist-train components are often subject to severe fatigue loading and are perhaps even more prone to fatigue failure. In all instances, the presence of fatigue cracks at least contributed to the failure. In most instances, fatigue was the sole cause. Further, in each case, with regular inspection, fatigue cracks probably would have been detected well before final failure.
Image
Schematic of the determination of critical fracture loads and relevant time...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 27 Schematic of the determination of critical fracture loads and relevant time-to-fracture values for the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS; ISO) method and the peak load method
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Image
A general plot of the ratios of the toughness and stress showing the relati...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 A general plot of the ratios of the toughness and stress showing the relationship between linear elastic fracture mechanics and strength of materials as it relates to fracture and structural integrity ( Ref 18 )
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Image
General plot of the ratios of toughness and stress showing the relationship...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Prevention through Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 3 General plot of the ratios of toughness and stress showing the relationship between linear elastic fracture mechanics and strength of materials as it relates to fracture and structural integrity. K , stress-intensity factor; K Ic , plane-strain fracture toughness; S , factor
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Book Chapter
Failure Prevention through Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006802
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of the structural design process, the failure analysis process, the failure investigator's role, and how failure analysis of structural components integrates into the determination of remaining life, fitness-for-service, and other life assessment concerns. The topics discussed include industry perspectives...
Abstract
Life assessment of structural components is used to avoid catastrophic failures and to maintain safe and reliable functioning of equipment. The failure investigator's input is essential for the meaningful life assessment of structural components. This article provides an overview of the structural design process, the failure analysis process, the failure investigator's role, and how failure analysis of structural components integrates into the determination of remaining life, fitness-for-service, and other life assessment concerns. The topics discussed include industry perspectives on failure and life assessment of components, structural design philosophies, the role of the failure analyst in life assessment, and the role of nondestructive inspection. They also cover fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, fitness-for-service life assessment, brittle fracture assessments, corrosion assessments, and blast, fire, and heat damage assessments.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001907
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... results in a grain flow that follows the contour of the part and offers three distinct advantages compared to a part that was machined: enhanced directional strength, structural integrity, and dynamic properties. 1 By refining the grain structure and developing optimum grain flow, forging promotes...
Abstract
Aircraft missile launcher attachment bolts fabricated from cadmium-coated Hy-tuf steel were found broken. Subsequent analysis of the broken bolts indicated three causes of failure. First, the bolts had been carburized, which was not in conformance with the heat treating requirements. Second, macroetching showed that the bolts has been machined from stock rather than forged, and the threads cut rather than rolled. It was also determined that hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion cracking also played a part in the failure of the high-strength bolts.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... analysis of ship structures ( Ref 8 ). Current R6 Failure Assessment Diagrams Chell ( Ref 15 ) and Bloom ( Ref 16 ) pointed out that K r ( Eq 1 ) could be interpreted as a ratio of J -integrals: (Eq 4) K r = J e J = f ( S r ) where J e , the elastic...
Abstract
Optimized modeling of fracture-critical structural components and connections requires the application of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. Such applications, however, can require sophisticated analytical techniques such as crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), failure assessment diagram (FAD), and deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram (DPFAD). This article presents the origin and description of FAD and addresses R6 FAD using J-integral. It details the fracture criteria of BS 7910. The factors to be considered during the use of FAD and the applications of FAD are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003512
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... assessment of structural components. This article provides an overview of the structural design process, the failure analysis process, the failure investigator's role, and how failure analysis of structural components integrates into determination of remaining life, fitness-for-service, and other life...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the structural design process and discusses the life-limiting factors, including material defects, fabrication practices, and stress. It details the role of a failure investigator in performing nondestructive inspection. The article provides information on fatigue life assessment, elevated-temperature life assessment, and fitness-for-service life assessment.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627081801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Failure Analysis and Prevention
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Aircraft Structural Integrity Program ASME American Society of Mechanical En- gineers ASTM American Society for the Testing of Materials AWS American Welding Society bcc body-centered cubic B Burgers vector BS British Standard BSE backscattered electrons BSI British Standards Institution CAD computer-aided...
Book Chapter
Metallurgical Failure Analysis of a Broken Compression Hip Screw Surgical Implant
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c9001664
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract A compression hip screw is a device designed to hold fractures in the area of the femur in alignment and under compression. A side plate, which is an integral part of the device, is attached by screws to the femur, and it holds the compression screw in position. The device analyzed had...
Abstract
A compression hip screw is a device designed to hold fractures in the area of the femur in alignment and under compression. A side plate, which is an integral part of the device, is attached by screws to the femur, and it holds the compression screw in position. The device analyzed had broken across the eighth hole (of nine holes) from the end of the plate. The detailed metallurgical failure analysis of the device, including metallography and fractography, is reported here. It was found that the device had adequate metallurgical integrity for the application for which it was intended. It is believed that failure was caused by the lack of a screw in the ninth hole. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the device was bent prior to insertion, and the local plastic deformation may have caused structural changes leading to premature crack initiation.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... ). In damage tolerant approaches, inspection generally plays an integral role. These two philosophies are perhaps best illustrated by examples of their application to a specific problem, the approach employed by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in managing fatigue in metal aircraft structures ( Ref 12...
Abstract
This article provides information on life assessment strategies and conceptually illustrates the interplay of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It presents information on probability of detection (POD) and probability of false alarm (PFA). The article describes the damage tolerance approach to life management of cyclic-limited engine components and lists the commonly used nondestructive evaluation methods. It concludes with an illustration on the role of NDE, as quantified by POD, in fully probabilistic life management.
Book Chapter
Failure of Die Cast Aluminum Cluster Bomb Tailcone Assemblies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001908
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... the liquid metal flows at high speeds, causing erosion of the mold or die cavity. 1 These defects can also be caused by extended mold usage or die wear and are open to the surface, resulting in decreased structural integrity. Gas holes (porosity) are generally formed by an excessive amount of gas...
Abstract
Cluster bomb tailcone assemblies each containing two aluminum die-cast components were rejected because of the poor surface condition of the die castings. Numerous heat checks were found on the surfaces of the tailcones and radiographic inspection revealed inclusions, gas holes, and shrinkage defects in the castings. Most of the components failed to meet required mechanical properties because of these casting defects.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of a Laser Mirror
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0006440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
..., allowing catastrophic failure of the mirror due to the pressure of the cooling water. Recommendations It was recommended that the mirrors be cleaned of all corrosion products present as a result of past service conditions. The mirrors should be proof tested to determine if the residual structural...
Abstract
A failed laser mirror and another complete mirror of the same construction were analyzed. The laser mirror consisted of three layers of material brazed together to form channels through which the cooling water flows. Samples were analyzed with light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion product contained molybdenum and copper with a trace of gold. The base material was analyzed as molybdenum with negligible alloying additions. The primary mode of corrosion attack on the base material appeared to be intergranular, although uniform corrosion was evident also. It was concluded that corrosion attack sufficiently weakened the base material and the brazed joints, allowing catastrophic failure of the mirror due to the pressure of the cooling water. It was recommended that the mirrors be cleaned of all corrosion products present as a result of past service conditions and proof tested. It was recommended that the water system consisting of deionized water and formaldehyde be replaced with water having a low oxygen content and a cathodic inhibitor (oxygen scavenger).
Book Chapter
Analysis Methods for Probabilistic Life Assessment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003514
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article describes the historical background, uncertainties in structural parameters, classifications, and application areas of probabilistic analysis. It provides a discussion on the basic definition of random variables, some common distribution functions used in engineering...
Abstract
This article describes the historical background, uncertainties in structural parameters, classifications, and application areas of probabilistic analysis. It provides a discussion on the basic definition of random variables, some common distribution functions used in engineering, selection of a probability distribution, the failure model definition, and a definition of the probability of failure. The article also explains the solution techniques for special cases and general solution techniques, such as first-second-order reliability methods, the advanced mean value method, the response surface method, and Monte Carlo sampling. A brief introduction to importance sampling, time-variant reliability, system reliability, and risk analysis and target reliabilities is also provided. The article examines the various application problems for which probabilistic analysis is an essential element. Examples of the use of probabilistic analysis are presented. The article concludes with an overview of some of the commercially available software programs for performing probabilistic analysis.
Book Chapter
Metallurgical Failure Analysis of Cold Cracking in a Structural Steel Weldment: Revisiting a Classic Failure Mechanism
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001611
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... it is not difficult to visualize the importance of structural integrity in the lower chord members of structural truss sections. The critical nature and catastrophic effects of such failures have been noted in recent case histories, such as the one described by Rau in recent issues of this journal. 3 Visual...
Abstract
Cold cracking of structural steel weldments is a well-documented failure mechanism, and extensive work has been done to recognize welding and materials selection parameters associated with it. These efforts, however, have not fully eliminated the occurrence of such failures. This article examines a case of cold cracking failure in the construction industry. Fortunately, the failure was identified prior to final erection of the structural members and the weld was successfully reworked. The article explains how various welding parameters, such as electrode/wire selection, joint design, and pre/postheating, played a role in the failure. Human factors and fabrication practices that contributed to the problem are covered as well.
Book Chapter
Fracture Mechanics Testing of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006910
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...). Starting round-robin lab tests in 2011 and continuing up until 2020, the European Structural Integrity Society Technical Committee 4 (“Polymers, Polymer Composites and Adhesives”), ESIS TC4, has recently focused its attention on the load separation criterion (single-specimen methodology) ( Ref 35 – 37...
Abstract
There are many different types of polymeric materials, ranging from glassy to semicrystalline polymers and even blends. Their mechanical properties range from pure elastic with very high strains to fracture (elastomers) to almost pure linear elastic (Hookian behavior) with low strains to fracture (glassy polymers). This article provides an overview of historical development of fracture behavior in polymers. It discusses the processes involved in three fracture test methods for polymers, namely linear elastic fracture mechanics, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and post-yield fracture mechanics.
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