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solidification simulation models

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
..., are thermal-metallurgical phenomena related to alloy-specific phase transformations and local stress-strain behavior controlled by thermomechanical conditions. Process modeling and simulation are important tools to evaluate thermomechanical and metallurgical conditions ( Ref 34 ). Early AM modeling research...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and composites) ( Ref 4 ). The first type, thermal or cooling stresses, results from rapid, inhomogeneous cooling through the T g range in amorphous polymers or through the solidification range in semicrystalline polymers. When cooling proceeds from the outer layer inward, large thermal gradients...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... where microporosity is expected can be predicted by solidification modeling, similar to the prediction of macroporosity. When the shrinkage and the gas combine to form macroporosity, properties are deleteriously affected. Static properties are reduced at least by the portion of the cross-sectional...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006927
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... mold until primary solidification has occurred; then the mold is opened, and the part(s) are ejected. Several important design rules apply. Fig. 4 Four-cavity (2+2) family injection mold shown opened on the bench with molded parts from the mold in white ABS material. Photo courtesy of Quality...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627082952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... properties of solder alloys can be expressed using numerical models. Figure 3 shows the Bingham-Maxwell model for the mechanical properties of soldering alloys, which has been simplified to aid understanding ( Ref 10 ). The ε e is the strain associated with elastic deformation, and ε vp is the strain...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... specific to the metal group and progress from melting to solidification, casting processing, and finally how the removal of the mold material can affect performance. aluminum casting defects castings copper ductile iron failure analysis gray iron melting solidification steel Introduction...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... principal types. Primary carbides, which form when carbon reacts with strong carbide-forming elements such as tantalum and titanium during the solidification of the molten alloy, have the formula MC, where M is the metallic element. Typically, such carbides have a blocky or scriptlike morphology, as shown...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... methods, although it indicates that cyclic loading must be considered in the design. Furthermore, the current edition of ASME Section VIII, Division 2 ( Ref 15 ) includes the legacy ASME smooth-bar fatigue method and a more modern welded fatigue method based on the Battelle Structural stress model...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... include: Underbead cracks Gas porosity Inclusions—slag, oxides, or tungsten metal Incomplete fusion Inadequate penetration Solidification cracks, liquation cracks Failure to meet strength, ductility, or toughness requirements is another cause for rejection of weldments. Details...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006864
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Applications and Typical Products In the simplest terms, all plastics processing techniques involve three key steps: fluidizing (plasticating), shaping, and solidification. Raw materials are typically sourced as pellets or powders (thermoplastic) or as monomeric liquid and cross-linking agent (thermoset...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006933
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... the difference in heat flow between a sample and a reference as the material is heated or cooled ( Ref 6 ). The technique is used to evaluate thermal transitions within a material. Such transitions include glass transitions, melting, evaporation, crystallization, solidification, cross linking, chemical reactions...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003524
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... mechanics fracture modes fracture surface lubricants macroscopic examination mechanical testing microscopic examination nondestructive inspection sampling simulated-service testing stress analysis wear failure ANALYZING the inevitable failures that occur during testing, manufacturing...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in Fig. 10 . Metallographic examination revealed that two different microstructures existed in the shroud area: columnar grains and equiaxial grains, as sketched in the figure. This is due to the geometry of the casting and its heat flow consequences during solidification. The entire fracture surface...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... the corrosion rate of various alloys by chlorides in a simulated waste incinerator environment ( Ref 29 ). Boiler Tube Degradation and Failures Steam generators or boilers use heat to convert water into steam for use in various applications. A primary application is electric power generation. Fuels used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., the type, sequence, magnitude, and number of the fluctuating (multiaxial) stresses often in combination with complex environmental influences (temperature, corrosion, wear). These factors complicate the laboratory simulation of actual application conditions and often require full-sized component tests...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... stress, the presence of a mean stress, temperature, environment, component size and shape, the presence of residual stresses, stress concentration, surface condition, anisotropy, and material imperfections or discontinuities. These factors complicate laboratory simulation of actual application conditions...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003543
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1