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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 3 Shrinkage pit and void found in the pump’s body More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
.... The chlorine (chloride) increases the pitting potential within the pre-existing shrinkage cavities. The copper and nickel are possible indicators of corrosion in water circuit heat exchangers. Fig. 10 Typical results of in situ EDS analyses at the base of shrinkage voids in the impeller Mechanical...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Copper alloy (C83600) impellers from two different feed pumps that supplied water to a 2-year-old boiler failed repeatedly. Examination by various methods indicated that the failures were caused by sulfide attack that concentrated in shrinkage voids in the castings. Two alternatives...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... Some examples are ISO 6157, BPS-F-69, SAE 123, NAS 496, and ASTM F 788. Gas Porosity Gas porosity is indicated by rounded voids caused by precipitation of gas bubbles in molten material during casting ( Fig. 30 ). Fig. 30 Aluminum casting exhibiting gas porosity Shrinkage Porosity...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... the dominant failure mechanisms and that the materials and processes used to make the pumps were largely unsuited for the application. pump casing cavitation wear erosion steel shrinkage pits and voids scanning electron microscopy cavitation resistance C30 (low-carbon steel alloy) UNS G10300...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
.... In addition, the use of grain stabilized Pt/Rh alloy should be evaluated as a method to prevent grain growth. Wall thinning 80Pt-20Rh Pitting corrosion Creep fracture/stress rupture Background Americium and Curium (Am-Cm) were recovered in one of the Savannah River Site's (SRS) two chemical...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001712
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... I.D. oxidation up to 3 mm, stemming from shrinkage porosity heavily spherodized, grey, primary carbonitrides O.D. surface decarburization with oxidation - 1 mm thick non-aligned creep voids throughout 1C similar to above 1F primary carbonitrides less heavily...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in the form of cracks, appearing on the faces or along edges, generally only after machining Dispersed shrinkage B 200: Cavities with generally rough walls, shrinkage B 210: Open cavity of Class B 200, sometimes penetrating deeply into the casting B 211 (a) Open, funnel-shaped cavity...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
...-form and corrosion will develop. In addition to being present as a surface film, magnetite in a soft powdery form is frequently found in boiler tubes as a corrosion product of iron and as such is often present in the pits and scabs which arise from normal corrosion, differential aeration corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.9781627083294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... discusses the types of imperfections that can be traced to the original ingot product. These include chemical segregation; ingot pipe, porosity, and centerline shrinkage; high hydrogen content; nonmetallic inclusions; unmelted electrodes and shelf; and cracks, laminations, seams, pits, blisters, and scabs...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... also occur. Subsurface flaws often (but not always) originate from the as-cast ingot due to shrinkage, voids, and porosity that form during solidification. Figure 1 illustrates how rolled bar may contain porosity and pipe imperfections carried over from the cast ingot. These imperfections can serve...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... nucleation and propagation. In cast alloys, the presence of both microscale interdendritic porosity and macroscale shrinkage cavities provide “holes” for crack nucleation. There is little difference in void growth from shrinkage porosity and a hole containing an unbonded inclusion. The incipient crack...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... and macroscale shrinkage cavities provide “holes” for crack nucleation. There is little difference in void growth from shrinkage porosity and a hole containing an unbonded inclusion. The incipient crack can form in four ways: Hole formation around an often weakly bonded particle Cracking...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... by the etchant. Coarse grinding scratches must be removed; even very fine polishing scratches may not be tolerable in examining failed parts. Pullout, pitting, cracking of hard particles, smear, and other preparation artifacts must be avoided. Relief (i.e., excessive surface-height variations between...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... grinding scratches must be removed; even very fine polishing scratches may not be tolerable in examining failed parts. Pullout, pitting, cracking of hard particles, smear, and other preparation artifacts must be avoided. Relief (i.e., excessive surface-height variations between structural features...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... porosity (cavities) at the casting surface, appearing over more or less extended areas Surface pinholes B 124 (a) Small, narrow cavities in the form of cracks, appearing on the faces or along edges, generally only after machining Dispersed shrinkage B 200 Cavities with generally rough...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
..., flakes, shrinkage cavities, laminations, and other similar discontinuities that produce reflective interfaces. X-ray or gamma-ray radiography is used to identify defects in the weld joints as well as to assess the overall soundness of the component/part. Mechanical Testing The mechanical...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of corrosion products or metal surfaces. For example, silver nitrate tests may be performed on residues clinging to a pitted stainless steel surface to confirm the presence of chloride ions—a common cause of pitting. Wet chemical methods are often supplemented by the use of x-ray diffraction or electron probe...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
.... The vane had developed a well defined crack in the airfoil section, Figure 2 . The airfoil had also suffered a considerable amount of erosion along the leading edge area and general pitting of the concave surface. At the time of the vane removal, the engine (no. 2) had logged 5500 h of running time...