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shear deformation
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Image
in The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Network of adiabatic shear deformation resulting from complex stress state in the gun during detonation. Etched in picral.
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Image
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 35 Local deformation in shear-lip formation. (a) UNS C71500 (70Cu-30Ni) steel tensile specimen showing localized deformation at the exterior surface of the necked region. (b) Cross section of sample in (a) showing shear nature of localized deformation in a region opposite the slant
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... is shown in the photomacrograph of Figure 3 , highlighted further by the convergence of radial lines on the fracture surface leading to the origin. The fragment containing the origin also shows a nearly complete absence of plastic deformation and a shear lip, thus confirming the brittle character...
Abstract
Important clues about the probable cause of a gun tube explosion were obtained from a fractographic and metallographic examination of the fragments. The size, distribution, and surface markings of fragments may be used to localize the explosion and deduce its intensity. Microstructural features such as voids, adiabatic shear, and structural surface alterations also indicate the explosion intensity and further allow a comparison of the tube structure near and away from the explosion zone. These, and other metallurgical characteristics, are illustrated and discussed for cases of accidental and deliberately caused explosions of large caliber gun tubes.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... ) 10.1016/j.triboint.2011.05.017 12. Kenji K. , Yukio S. , X-ray texture analysis on cyclic shearing deformation due to rolling contact fatigue . J. Soc. Mat. Sci. Jpn. 53 , 300 – 305 ( 2004 ) 10.2472/jsms.53.300 13. Kenji K. , Yasuo I. , Yukio S. , Texture...
Abstract
Rolling contact fatigue is responsible for a large number of industrial equipment failures. It is also one of the main failure modes of components subjected to rolling contact loading such as bearings, cams, and gears. To better understand such failures, an investigation was conducted to assess the role of friction in subsurface fatigue cracking in rolling-sliding contact applications. Based on the results of stress calculations and x-ray diffraction testing of steel samples, friction contributes to subsurface damage primary through its effect on the distribution of orthogonal shear stress. Although friction influences other stress components, the effect is relatively insignificant by comparison. It is thus more appropriate to select orthogonal shear stress as the critical stress when assessing subsurface rolling contact fatigue in rolling-sliding systems.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., there is evidence of plastic deformation and failure by microvoid coalescence (MVC) ductile tearing. However, exceptions to this fracture progression mode have been reported. One is formation of a specimen-scale shear band (sometimes associated with void sheet formation at the microscale). One set of circumstances...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., there is evidence of plastic deformation and failure by microvoid coalescence (MVC) ductile tearing. However, exceptions to this fracture progression mode have been reported. One is formation of a specimen-scale shear band (sometimes associated with void sheet formation at the microscale). One set of circumstances...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... direction. A zone of heavily deformed grains at the fracture edge was revealed by longitudinal metallographic examination. The shearing fractures of a commercially pure titanium screw and a cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy were discussed for purpose of comparison. Deformation Surcigal implants...
Abstract
During the internal fixation, the type 316LR stainless steel cortical bone screw failed. Extensive spiral deformation was revealed by the fracture surface. Dimple structure characteristic of a ductile failure mode was observed with dimples oriented uniformly in the deformation direction. A zone of heavily deformed grains at the fracture edge was revealed by longitudinal metallographic examination. The shearing fractures of a commercially pure titanium screw and a cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy were discussed for purpose of comparison.
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in Shearing Fracture of a Type 316LR Stainless Steel Screw
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Mechanically forced shearing fracture of type 316LR stainless steel screw. (a) Fracture surface with typical spiral deformation texture. SEM. (b) Close-up of fracture surface with shear dimples oriented in twisting direction. (c) Fracture edge with flow lines. (d) Longitudinal
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... within the material flow [ 12 , 17 ]. By raising this thermomechanical instability above a critical criterion, the plastic deformation will concentrate on local adiabatic sites called adiabatic shear bands (ASB) rather than the whole material [ 12 , 16 ]. Moreover, it is shown that critical condition...
Abstract
Explosive cladding is a viable method for cladding different materials together, but the complicated behavior of materials under ballistic impacts raises the probability of interfacial shear failure. To better understand the relationship between impact energy and interfacial shear, investigators conducted an extensive study on the shear strength of explosively cladded Inconel 625 and plain carbon steel samples. They found that by increasing impact energy, the adhesion strength of the resulting cladding can be improved. Beyond a certain point, however, additional impact energy reduces shear strength significantly, causing the cladding process to fail. The findings reveal the decisive role of plastic strain localization and the associated development of microcracks in cladding failures. An attempt is thus made to determine the optimum cladding parameters for the materials of interest.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... particles or other impact modifiers. Although stress whitening results in visually apparent changes, the load-bearing capabilities of a specimen may not be substantially reduced during stress whitening. Shear Bands Shear bands ( Fig. 8 , Ref 5 ) are also microscopic localized deformation zones...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Image
in Shearing Fracture of a Type 316LR Stainless Steel Screw
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Shear fracture of a commercially pure titanium screw. (a) SEM fractograph showing spiral textured fracture surface of sheared-off screw. Typical deformation lines are fanning out on the thread. (b) Uniformly distributed shearing tongues and dimples
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... must produce a stress on the potential shear surface that exceeds the flow stress, if plastic deformation is to occur. Once the flow stress is exceeded, localized flow is likely to continue, because the strain-hardening coefficient, n , at high hardness is low, approximately 0.1. In the case of lower...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the analysis methods for spalling of striking tools with emphasis on field tests conducted by A.H. Burn and on the laboratory tests of H.O. McIntire and G.K. Manning and of J.W. Lodge. It focuses on the metallography and fractography of spalling. The macrostructure and microstructure of spall cavities are described, along with some aspects of the numerous specifications for striking/struck tools. The article also describes the availability of spall-resistant metals and the safety aspects of striking/struck tools in railway applications.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... away from the region where shells form, and could not account for formation of martensite. Shear deformation-induced martensite has been known to form in bearings. Fig. 13 Martensite layer on the shell fracture surface in rail 5. Knoop Microhardness Measurements with 25g Load Table 1...
Abstract
A failure analysis case study on railroad rails is presented. The work, performed under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, addresses the problem of shell and detail fracture formation in standard rails. Fractographic and metallographic results coupled with hardness and residual stress measurements are presented. These results suggest that the shell fractures form on the plane of maximum residual tensile stresses. The formation of the shells is aided by the presence of defects in the material in these planes of maximum residual stress. The detail fracture forms as a perturbation from the shell crack under cyclic loading and is constrained to develop as an embedded flaw in the early stages of growth because the crack is impeded at the gage side and surface of the rail head by compressive longitudinal stresses.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... a dislocation channel. In the present case, channel formation (shear band) is probably related to tool geometry and deformation texture induced during thread rolling. The result of this channeling of dislocations is a faceted fracture appearance as observed in some locations on the shear bands of the fractured...
Abstract
Failure analysis was performed on threaded Ti-6Al-4V fasteners that had fractured in the threads during installation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical metallography revealed that the fractures initiated in circumferential shear bands present at the thread roots. The fractures propagated by microvoid coalescence typical of that observed in notched tensile specimen fractures of the same material. For comparison, Ti-6Al-4V fasteners from various commercial sources were tested to failure in uniaxial tension and examined in the SEM. In all cases, the fracture appearances were similar to that exhibited by the fasteners that failed during installation. In addition, results of optical microscopy indicated that the geometry and extent of the shear bands appeared to depend on the fabrication process employed by the individual manufacturers. Causes of shear band formation are discussed along with potential methods to eliminate these microstructural in homogeneities.
Image
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Schematic figure showing the effect of a normal stress, σ, and a shear stress, τ, on a crystalline material. Application of a normal stress increases the interplanar distance and ultimately results in fracture. Application of a shear stress causes the planes of atoms to slide over each
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006767
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...., multiaxial yield criteria). One failure mode theory is the Rankine (or maximum normal stress) criterion, where the maximum principal stress is used. The other is the Tresca theory based on the maximum shear stress. The Rankine criterion holds that inelastic deformation at a point begins when the maximum...
Abstract
This article describes concepts and tools that can be used by the failure analyst to understand and address deformation, cracking, or fracture after a stress-related failure has occurred. Issues related to the determination and use of stress are detailed. Stress is defined, and a procedure to deal with stress by determining maximum values through stress transformation is described. The article provides the stress analysis equations of typical component geometries and discusses some of the implications of the stress analysis relative to failure in components. It focuses on linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis, with some mention of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis. The article describes the probabilistic aspects of fatigue and fracture. Information on crack-growth simulation of the material is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003530
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the maximum principal stress is used. The other is the Tresca theory based on the maximum shear stress. The Rankine criterion holds that inelastic deformation at a point begins when the maximum normal stress reaches the yield strength of the material. Tresca's theory states that yield at a point begins when...
Abstract
This article describes the underlying fundamentals, applications, the relevance and necessity of performing proper stress analysis in conducting a failure analysis. It presents an introduction to the stress analysis of bodies containing crack-like imperfections and the topic of fracture mechanics. The fracture mechanics approach is an important part of stress analysis at the tips of sharp cracks or discontinuities. The article reviews fracture mechanics concepts, including linear elastic fracture mechanics, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and subcritical fracture mechanics. It also provides information on the applications of fracture mechanics in failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of metalworking operations that can be roughly divided into bulk-working operations and sheet-forming operations ( Ref 1 ). The general distinction here is that bulk working imposes material flow in all directions, while sheet-forming operations are typically limited to two-dimensional deformation. Metalworking...
Abstract
This article describes the general root causes of failure associated with wrought metals and metalworking. This includes a brief review of the discontinuities or imperfections that may be the common sources of failure-inducing defects in bulk working of wrought products. The article discusses the types of imperfections that can be traced to the original ingot product. These include chemical segregation; ingot pipe, porosity, and centerline shrinkage; high hydrogen content; nonmetallic inclusions; unmelted electrodes and shelf; and cracks, laminations, seams, pits, blisters, and scabs. The article provides a discussion on the imperfections found in steel forgings. The problems encountered in sheet metal forming are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the causes of failure in cold formed parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0046505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... was occasionally used in the system. Analysis (visual inspection and 250x micrograph) supported the conclusions that failure of the latch was caused by plastic deformation from extensive loss of metal by galvanic corrosion and the sudden loading related to the tripping of the valve. Failure in some regions...
Abstract
One of three valves in a dry automatic sprinkler system tripped accidentally, thus activating the sprinklers. Maintenance records showed that the three valves had been in service less than two years. The valve consisted of a cast copper alloy clapper plate that was held closed by a pivoted malleable iron latch. The latch and top surface of the clapper plate were usually in a sanitary-water environment (stabilized, chlorinated well water with a pH of 7.3) under stagnant conditions. Process make-up water that had been clarified, filtered, softened, and chlorinated and had a pH of 9.8 was occasionally used in the system. Analysis (visual inspection and 250x micrograph) supported the conclusions that failure of the latch was caused by plastic deformation from extensive loss of metal by galvanic corrosion and the sudden loading related to the tripping of the valve. Failure in some regions of the contact area was by ductile (transgranular) fracture. Recommendations included changing the latch material from malleable iron to silicon bronze (C87300). The use of silicon bronze prevents corrosion or galvanic attack and proper adjustment of the latch maintains an adequate contact area.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 14 Deformation from threads that left impressions on the inside surface of a hole as the members sheared with respect to each other.
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