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Image
Network of adiabatic shear deformation resulting from complex stress state ...
Available to Purchase
in The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Network of adiabatic shear deformation resulting from complex stress state in the gun during detonation. Etched in picral.
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Image
Local deformation in shear-lip formation. (a) UNS C71500 (70Cu-30Ni) steel ...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 35 Local deformation in shear-lip formation. (a) UNS C71500 (70Cu-30Ni) steel tensile specimen showing localized deformation at the exterior surface of the necked region. (b) Cross section of sample in (a) showing shear nature of localized deformation in a region opposite the slant
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Image
Local deformation in shear-lip formation. (a) 70Cu-30Ni steel (UNS C71500) ...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 35 Local deformation in shear-lip formation. (a) 70Cu-30Ni steel (UNS C71500) tensile specimen showing localized deformation at the exterior surface of the necked region. (b) Cross section of sample in (a) showing shear nature of localized deformation in a region opposite the slant
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Book Chapter
The Role of Metallography and Fractography in the Analysis of Gun Tube Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... is shown in the photomacrograph of Figure 3 , highlighted further by the convergence of radial lines on the fracture surface leading to the origin. The fragment containing the origin also shows a nearly complete absence of plastic deformation and a shear lip, thus confirming the brittle character...
Abstract
Important clues about the probable cause of a gun tube explosion were obtained from a fractographic and metallographic examination of the fragments. The size, distribution, and surface markings of fragments may be used to localize the explosion and deduce its intensity. Microstructural features such as voids, adiabatic shear, and structural surface alterations also indicate the explosion intensity and further allow a comparison of the tube structure near and away from the explosion zone. These, and other metallurgical characteristics, are illustrated and discussed for cases of accidental and deliberately caused explosions of large caliber gun tubes.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Critical Stress for Subsurface Rolling Contact Fatigue Damage Assessment Under Roll/Slide Contact
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... agreement has been reached on the critical stress. The Ref. [ 12 , 13 ] studied fatigue damage by means of rolling contact fatigue tests; the shearing deformation of the crystalline texture due to fatigue damage was tested by means of x-ray diffraction method and was used to characterize the damage caused...
Abstract
Rolling contact fatigue is responsible for a large number of industrial equipment failures. It is also one of the main failure modes of components subjected to rolling contact loading such as bearings, cams, and gears. To better understand such failures, an investigation was conducted to assess the role of friction in subsurface fatigue cracking in rolling-sliding contact applications. Based on the results of stress calculations and x-ray diffraction testing of steel samples, friction contributes to subsurface damage primary through its effect on the distribution of orthogonal shear stress. Although friction influences other stress components, the effect is relatively insignificant by comparison. It is thus more appropriate to select orthogonal shear stress as the critical stress when assessing subsurface rolling contact fatigue in rolling-sliding systems.
Book Chapter
Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., there is evidence of plastic deformation and failure by microvoid coalescence (MVC) ductile tearing. However, exceptions to this fracture progression mode have been reported. One is formation of a specimen-scale shear band (sometimes associated with void sheet formation at the microscale). One set of circumstances...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Book Chapter
Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., there is evidence of plastic deformation and failure by microvoid coalescence (MVC) ductile tearing. However, exceptions to this fracture progression mode have been reported. One is formation of a specimen-scale shear band (sometimes associated with void sheet formation at the microscale). One set of circumstances...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
Book Chapter
Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Yielding Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006934
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... how the applied stress, strain and/or strain rate, and temperature influence the rate of creep and stress relaxation and produce yielding. In addition, the effects of thermal and mechanical history must be considered. Polymers deform by two primary mechanisms: shear flow and crazing ( Ref 1...
Abstract
This article describes the general aspects of creep, stress relaxation, and yielding for homogeneous polymers. It then presents creep failure mechanisms in polymers. The article discusses extrapolative methods for the prediction of long-term creep failure in polymer materials. Then, the widely used models to simulate the service life of polymers are highlighted. These include the Burgers power-law model, the Findley power-law model, the time-temperature superposition (or equivalence) principle (TTSP), and the time-stress superposition principle (TSSP). The Larson-Miller parametric method, one of the most common to describe the material deformation and rupture time, is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Shearing Fracture of a Type 316LR Stainless Steel Screw
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... direction. A zone of heavily deformed grains at the fracture edge was revealed by longitudinal metallographic examination. The shearing fractures of a commercially pure titanium screw and a cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy were discussed for purpose of comparison. Deformation Surcigal implants...
Abstract
During the internal fixation, the type 316LR stainless steel cortical bone screw failed. Extensive spiral deformation was revealed by the fracture surface. Dimple structure characteristic of a ductile failure mode was observed with dimples oriented uniformly in the deformation direction. A zone of heavily deformed grains at the fracture edge was revealed by longitudinal metallographic examination. The shearing fractures of a commercially pure titanium screw and a cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy were discussed for purpose of comparison.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006944
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... information on ductile and brittle behaviors, and describes craze initiation in polymers and crack formation and fracture by crazing. Macroscopic permanent deformation of polymeric materials caused by shear-yielding and crazing, which eventually can result in fracture and failure, is also covered. crack...
Abstract
The discussion on the fracture of solid materials, both metals and polymers, customarily begins with a presentation of the stress-strain behavior and of how various conditions such as temperature and strain-rate affect the mechanisms of deformation and fracture. This article describes crazing and fracture in polymeric materials, with a review of the behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of temperature or time parameters, emphasizing the importance of the viscoelastic nature of their deformation and fracture. The discussion covers the behavior of polymers under stress, provides information on ductile and brittle behaviors, and describes craze initiation in polymers and crack formation and fracture by crazing. Macroscopic permanent deformation of polymeric materials caused by shear-yielding and crazing, which eventually can result in fracture and failure, is also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Bands Shear bands are also microscopic, localized deformation zones that propagate ideally along shear planes. Like crazes, shear-deformation bands, or slip lines, are traditionally thought to be the mechanism of irreversible tensile deformation in ductile amorphous polymers. Almost invariably...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle fracture modes. Several case studies of field failure in various polymers are also presented to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Fracture of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... particles or other impact modifiers. Although stress whitening results in visually apparent changes, the load-bearing capabilities of a specimen may not be substantially reduced during stress whitening. Shear Bands Shear bands ( Fig. 8 , Ref 5 ) are also microscopic localized deformation zones...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
The Role of Impact Energy in Failure of Explosive Cladding of Inconel 625 and Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
.... bimetal plate shear failure impact energy nickel-base superalloy carbon steel plastic deformation shear testing adhesion strength Inconel 625 (nickel-base superalloy) UNS N06625 ASTM A517 (low carbon steel) Introduction Despite the fact that Inconel 625 as a nickel-based superalloy...
Abstract
Explosive cladding is a viable method for cladding different materials together, but the complicated behavior of materials under ballistic impacts raises the probability of interfacial shear failure. To better understand the relationship between impact energy and interfacial shear, investigators conducted an extensive study on the shear strength of explosively cladded Inconel 625 and plain carbon steel samples. They found that by increasing impact energy, the adhesion strength of the resulting cladding can be improved. Beyond a certain point, however, additional impact energy reduces shear strength significantly, causing the cladding process to fail. The findings reveal the decisive role of plastic strain localization and the associated development of microcracks in cladding failures. An attempt is thus made to determine the optimum cladding parameters for the materials of interest.
Image
Mechanically forced shearing fracture of type 316LR stainless steel screw. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Mechanically forced shearing fracture of type 316LR stainless steel screw. (a) Fracture surface with typical spiral deformation texture. SEM. (b) Close-up of fracture surface with shear dimples oriented in twisting direction. (c) Fracture edge with flow lines. (d) Longitudinal
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Image
Mechanically forced shearing fracture of type 316LR stainless steel screw. ...
Available to Purchase
in Shearing Fracture of a Type 316LR Stainless Steel Screw
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Mechanically forced shearing fracture of type 316LR stainless steel screw. (a) Fracture surface with typical spiral deformation texture. SEM. (b) Close-up of fracture surface with shear dimples oriented in twisting direction. (c) Fracture edge with flow lines. (d) Longitudinal
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Book Chapter
An Investigation of Shell and Detail Cracking in Railroad Rails
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... away from the region where shells form, and could not account for formation of martensite. Shear deformation-induced martensite has been known to form in bearings. Fig. 13 Martensite layer on the shell fracture surface in rail 5. Knoop Microhardness Measurements with 25g Load Table 1...
Abstract
A failure analysis case study on railroad rails is presented. The work, performed under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, addresses the problem of shell and detail fracture formation in standard rails. Fractographic and metallographic results coupled with hardness and residual stress measurements are presented. These results suggest that the shell fractures form on the plane of maximum residual tensile stresses. The formation of the shells is aided by the presence of defects in the material in these planes of maximum residual stress. The detail fracture forms as a perturbation from the shell crack under cyclic loading and is constrained to develop as an embedded flaw in the early stages of growth because the crack is impeded at the gage side and surface of the rail head by compressive longitudinal stresses.
Book Chapter
Spalling from Impact Events
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... must produce a stress on the potential shear surface that exceeds the flow stress, if plastic deformation is to occur. Once the flow stress is exceeded, localized flow is likely to continue, because the strain-hardening coefficient, n , at high hardness is low, approximately 0.1. In the case of lower...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the analysis methods for spalling of striking tools with emphasis on field tests conducted by A.H. Burn and on the laboratory tests of H.O. McIntire and G.K. Manning and of J.W. Lodge. It focuses on the metallography and fractography of spalling. The macrostructure and microstructure of spall cavities are described, along with some aspects of the numerous specifications for striking/struck tools. The article also describes the availability of spall-resistant metals and the safety aspects of striking/struck tools in railway applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006930
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... is the inverse of the zero shear viscosity. This implies that the stress applied is in the linear viscoelastic region (LVR), where the compliance is independent of the stress. So, the stress imposed must be sufficient to obtain detectable deformation, but it cannot be so high that the material is beyond its LVR...
Abstract
Rheology is defined as the study of the flow and deformation of matter. This article begins with an examination of flow behavior. It describes the geometries and methods employed for rheological testing of polymers in their molten state. It also discusses materials that are predominantly in the solid state and the methods employed for solids testing. Examples of unidirectional and dynamic oscillatory testing are provided for different mechanical behaviors.
Book Chapter
Shear Band Failures in Threaded Titanium Alloy Fasteners
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001660
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... a dislocation channel. In the present case, channel formation (shear band) is probably related to tool geometry and deformation texture induced during thread rolling. The result of this channeling of dislocations is a faceted fracture appearance as observed in some locations on the shear bands of the fractured...
Abstract
Failure analysis was performed on threaded Ti-6Al-4V fasteners that had fractured in the threads during installation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical metallography revealed that the fractures initiated in circumferential shear bands present at the thread roots. The fractures propagated by microvoid coalescence typical of that observed in notched tensile specimen fractures of the same material. For comparison, Ti-6Al-4V fasteners from various commercial sources were tested to failure in uniaxial tension and examined in the SEM. In all cases, the fracture appearances were similar to that exhibited by the fasteners that failed during installation. In addition, results of optical microscopy indicated that the geometry and extent of the shear bands appeared to depend on the fabrication process employed by the individual manufacturers. Causes of shear band formation are discussed along with potential methods to eliminate these microstructural in homogeneities.
Image
Shear fracture of a commercially pure titanium screw. (a) SEM fractograph s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Shear fracture of a commercially pure titanium screw. (a) SEM fractograph showing spiral textured fracture surface of sheared-off screw. Typical deformation lines are fanning out on the thread. (b) Uniformly distributed shearing tongues and dimples
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