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scanning electron microscopy
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... preparation scanning electron microscope scanning electron microscopy THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. Compared to the light microscope, it expands the resolution range by more than 1...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. The SEM provides the user with an unparalleled ability to observe and quantify the surface of a sample. This article discusses the development of SEM technology and operating principles of basic systems of SEM. The basic systems covered include the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and the vacuum system. The processes involved in the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM are described, and the application of SEM in fractography is discussed. The article covers the failure mechanisms of ductile failure, brittle failure, mixed-mode failure, and fatigue failure. Lastly, image dependence on microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and vacuum system. It discusses the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM and describes the application of SEM in fractography. If the surface remains unaffected and undamaged by events subsequent to the actual failure, it is often a simple matter to determine the failure mode by the use of an SEM. In cases where the surface is altered after the initial failure, the case may not be so straightforward. The article presents typical examples that illustrate these points. Image dependence on the microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
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in Microstructural Analysis of Failure of a Stainless Steel Bone Plate Implant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Microstructural Analysis of Failure of a Stainless Steel Bone Plate Implant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of surface fracture A with identification of fracture initiation site
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in Metallurgical Investigation of a Prematurely Failed Roller Bearing Used in the Support and Tilting System of a Steel Making Converter Used in an Integrated Steel Plant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 7 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs showing the fracture surface of the failed converter bearing sample. (a) Fracture region showing striations and dimples on either side of crack, 1000×; (b) Angular inclusion particle (at the cross intersection) inside the crack
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in Mobile Harbor Crane Wheel Hub Fatigue Failure
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Construction, Mining, and Agricultural Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Scanning electron microscopy photo of the surface of a 300-series stainless steel sample obtained from AES instrument. Field of view, 1 μm
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Scanning electron microscopy image of outer surface of the stem at fatigue crack initiation location. Arrows indicate fretting and iatrogenic damage from contact with the proximal body.
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 Scanning electron microscopy image showing microvoid coalescence in a fractured nitinol wire
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 7 Scanning electron microscopy image showing dimplelike pitting corrosion reminiscent of microvoid coalescence morphology
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 8 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showing (a) fatigue fracture surface in a nitinol stent and (b) fracture origin emanating from a surface inclusion
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 13 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of two different surgical devices showing (a) elongated microvoid coalescence morphology indicative of ductile tearing and (b) river patterns indicative of brittle fracture. The direction of crack propagation is marked by an orange arrow in each
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 14 Scanning electron microscopy micrograph showing brittle cleavage fracture morphology on a high-hardness surgical tool
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 15 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showing (a) ductile overload fracture morphology on a surgical tool and (b) higher-magnification view of the area highlighted with a red box in (a)
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 16 Scanning electron microscopy micrograph showing an intergranular fracture surface on an embrittled surgical tool. Corrosion pitting on adjacent surfaces (white arrows) was the source for monoatomic hydrogen that resulted in embrittlement.
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 22 Scanning electron microscopy image showing a mix of cleavagelike fracture morphology and striations, consistent with fatigue fracture in a Co-Cr-Mo alloy
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 23 Scanning electron microscopy image of the subject hinge post posterior internal threads indicating significant wear caused by component looseness
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 24 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showing (a) nitinol stent strut cracking and (b) fatigue fracture surface after prolonged ultrasonic cleaning
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 25 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of (a) stent strut surface with polytetrafluoroethylene sheath, (b) strut surface with high-density polyethylene sheath, (c) fracture surface of embrittled strut, and (d) higher-magnification view (red box from c) showing evidence of pitting
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in Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 26 Scanning electron microscopy images of fractured low-strength nitinol wire device. (a) Overview of fractured wire showing secondary cracks at the compressive side of the sharp shape-set bends, as marked by white arrows. (b) High-magnification view of fracture surface exhibiting
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