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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 Failure wear mechanisms of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymer composites with different orientations of fibers with respect to sliding direction against a smooth metal surface. (a) Normal aramid fibers. (b) Parallel carbon fibers. (c) Wear reduction mechanism due to hybridization More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... limit of polymer composites and polymer testing best practices. friction testing lubrication polymers wear rate wear testing TRIBOLOGY is the study of contacting materials in relative motion, more specifically the study of friction, wear, and lubrication ( Ref 1 ). The term tribology...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006869
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... polymeric matrix ( Ref 33 ). Adhesive Wear of Hybrid Polymer Composites Incorporation of different types of filler such as a combination of short fibers and particle content, better mechanical properties, and wear behavior are expected to be obtained. The main issue regarding hybrid polymer...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003572
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... and Hager A.M. , Recent Advances in Polymer Composite Tribology , Wear , Vol 190 , 1995 , p 139 – 144 10.1016/0043-1648(96)80012-3 5. Friedrich K. , Wear Models for Multiphase Materials and Synergistic Effects in Polymeric Hybrid Composites , Advances in Composite Tribology...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... molecules that extended out of the samples showing fibers. In order to reduce the wear rate and utilize the excellent low friction property of PTFE, this polymer has often been used with fillers to form composites. PTFE itself has also been used as a filler for other polymeric systems such as PE. Figure 12...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... property of PTFE, this polymer has often been used with fillers to form composites. Polytetrafluoroethylene itself has also been used as filler for other polymeric systems such as PE. Figure 13 gives the wear rate of PTFE, and some of its composites when slid against hard metallic surfaces. For surface...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006940
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... mechanical fatigue failure polymers thermal fatigue failure FAILURE OF STRUCTURAL polymeric materials under cyclic application of stress or strain is not only a subject of technical interest but one of industrial importance as well. Fracture of components is usually due to initiation and growth...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006936
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Composites , Graham-Jones J. and Summerscales J. , Eds., Woodhead Publishing , 2016 , p 147 – 183 10.1016/B978-1-78242-250-1.00007-7 5. Bossi R.H. and Georgeson G.E. , Nondestructive testing of aerospace composites in Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry 2nd ed...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006910
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract There are many different types of polymeric materials, ranging from glassy to semicrystalline polymers and even blends. Their mechanical properties range from pure elastic with very high strains to fracture (elastomers) to almost pure linear elastic (Hookian behavior) with low strains...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006929
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... The polymer matrix is subject not only to damage mechanisms but also to interfacial and stress-cracking mechanisms. One example of interfacial failure is the loss of compressive strength in carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites under hot and wet conditions. Fiber buckling is a result of interfacial failure...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006931
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... crystal phases and structures in solid materials. failure analysis infrared spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy polymer structure thermal analysis X-ray diffraction FAILURE OF POLYMERIC materials is the result of a very complex process. This article introduces procedures...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006939
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract Polymer materials are key building blocks of the modern world, commonly used in packaging, automobiles, building materials, electronics, telecommunications, and many other industries. These commercial applications of polymeric materials would not be possible without the use...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... and Zoller P. , Matrix Solidification and the Resulting Residual Thermal Stresses in Composites , J. Mater. Sci. , Vol 20 , 1985 , p 355 10.1007/BF00555929 11. Nielsen L.E. , Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites , Vol 2 , Marcel Dekker , 1974 , p 434 12...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006918
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... performance of polymers. crack-tip process fatigue crack growth fatigue fracture fatigue life analysis plastics toughening FATIGUE is of critical concern when designing polymeric components for structural applications. Like all engineering materials, fatigue failure often ensues in the polymer...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of failure analysis. Current ASTM volumes include more than 20 protocols for determining the viscosity of a polymeric solution or melt. From these viscosity measurements, mathematical relationships are used to determine the polymer’s MW. Several categories of test methods are available for making...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract This article discusses the thermal properties of engineering plastics and elastomers with respect to chemical composition, chain configuration, and base polymer conformation as determined by thermal analysis. It describes the processing of base polymers with or without additives...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006870
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... in a part specified to be 100% EPDM was initially incongruous, the polymer composition of the rubber article was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The result of this analysis indicated that the rubber article in fact was not 100% EPDM but a mixture of ~80% EPDM and ~20...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006915
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... different temperatures and strain rates Fig. 11 Tensile stress-strain curves for several types of polymeric materials. Source: Ref 23 Fig. 12 Thermal dependence of elastic modulus for a typical polymer. Source: Ref 8 Fig. 2 Viscosity (η) dependence on molecular weight...
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Wear failure of PEI and composites (a) Failed surface of PEI while sliding against very smooth ( R a 0.06 μm) aluminum surface resulting in high μ (L 28 N; v 2.1 m/s) Left part shows severe melt flow of PEI; middle portion shows crater with chipped-off molten material ( Ref 46 ). (b More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006909
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... absorbed. Absorbed water can adversely affect polymeric materials through dimensional changes (swelling of the material), surface degradation (color and gloss changes, crazing, blistering, etc.), and plasticization (softening) of the polymer, depressing T g and reducing mechanical and physical...