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phenolic thermosetting resins
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Light micrographs of specimens of 1215 carbon steel that were salt bath nit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 3 Light micrographs of specimens of 1215 carbon steel that were salt bath nitrided and mounted in different resins. (a) Thermosetting epoxy resin. (b) Phenolic thermosetting resin. (c) Methyl methacrylate thermoplastic resin. (d) Electroless nickel plated and mounted in thermosetting
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Light micrographs of specimens of 1215 carbon steel that were salt bath nit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Light micrographs of specimens of 1215 carbon steel that were salt bath nitrided and mounted in different resins. (a) Epomet thermosetting epoxy resin. (b) Phenolic thermosetting resin. (c) Methyl methacrylate thermoplastic resin. (d) Electroless nickel plated and mounted Epomet
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Book Chapter
Characterization of Thermosetting Resins and Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006924
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... include phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters, polyurethanes, cyanate esters, bismaleimides, addition polyimides, and difunctional acrylates and methacrylates. Thermoset resins are formulated to achieve the desired processing conditions as well as the desired final fully cured...
Abstract
This article discusses the most common thermal analysis methods for thermosetting resins. These include differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The article also discusses the characterization of uncured thermosetting resins as well as the curing process. Then, the techniques to characterize the physical properties of cured thermosets and composites are presented. Several examples of stress-strain curves are shown for thermosets and thermoplastic polymers.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... uses a device, called a mounting press, to provide the required pressure and heat to encapsulate the specimen with a thermosetting or thermoplastic mounting material. Common thermosetting resins include phenolic, diallyl phthalate, and epoxy, while methyl methacrylate is the most commonly used...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the metallographic techniques used for failure analysis, and on fracture examination in materials, with illustrations. It discusses various metallographic specimen preparation techniques, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and electrolytic polishing. The article also describes the microstructure examination of various materials, with emphasis on failure analysis, and concludes with information on the examination of replicas with light microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006925
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... thermoplastics are presented for comparison. Finally, the properties and applications of six common thermosets are briefly considered. chemical properties chemical structure electrical properties mechanical properties optical properties thermal properties thermoplastics thermosets...
Abstract
This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and thus their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics. The polymers covered include hydrocarbon polymers, carbon-chain polymers, heterochain polymers, and polymers containing aromatic rings. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics. The most important properties of polymers, namely, thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties, and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are then discussed. A variety of engineering thermoplastics, including some that are regarded as high-performance thermoplastics, are covered in this article. In addition, a few examples of commodity thermoplastics and biodegradable thermoplastics are presented for comparison. Finally, the properties and applications of six common thermosets are briefly considered.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... sources of injurious effects. The most common mounting method uses a device, called a mounting press, to provide the required pressure and heat to encapsulate the specimen with a thermosetting or thermoplastic mounting material. Common thermosetting resins include phenolic, diallyl phthalate...
Abstract
Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... thermosets such as phenolic and epoxy resins have been used and studied extensively. These polymers do not soften when the temperature rises at the interface, and thus they prevent the component from yielding or failing in a catastrophic manner during service. However, thermal energy dissipated due...
Abstract
Plastics or polymers are used in a variety of engineering and nonengineering applications where they are subjected to surface damage and wear. This article discusses the classification of polymer wear mechanisms based on the methodologies of defining the types of wear. The first classification is based on the two-term model that divides wear mechanisms into interfacial and bulk or cohesive. The second is based on the perceived wear mechanism. The third classification is specific to polymers and draws the distinction based on mechanical properties of polymers. In this classification, wear study is separated as elastomers, thermosets, glassy thermoplastics, and semicrystalline thermoplastics. The article describes the effects of environment and lubricant on the wear failures of polymers. It presents a case study on nylon as a tribological material. The article explains the wear failure of an antifriction bearing, a nylon driving gear, and a polyoxymethylene gear wheel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... 31 Styrene-maleic anhydride (S/MA) terpolymer 103 215 80 175 … … … Thermoset resins (neat) Heat-deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa (0.264 ksi) Continuous service temperature Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion, 10 −6 /°C °C °F °C °F W/m · K...
Abstract
This article discusses the thermal properties of engineering plastics and elastomers with respect to chemical composition, chain configuration, and base polymer conformation as determined by thermal analysis. It describes the processing of base polymers with or without additives and their response to chemical, physical, and mechanical stresses whether as an unfilled, shaped article or as a component of a composite structure. It summarizes the basic thermal properties of thermoplastics and thermosets, including thermal conductivity, temperature resistance, thermal expansion, specific heat, and glass transition temperature. It also provides information on polyimide and bismaleimide resin systems. Representative examples of different types of engineering thermoplastics are discussed primarily in terms of structure and thermal properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... to sliding. Brake pads are one application where thermosets such as phenolic and epoxy resins have been used and studied extensively. These polymers do not soften when the temperature rises at the interface, and thus they prevent the component from yielding or failing in a catastrophic manner during service...
Abstract
This article presents the mechanisms of polymer wear and quantifies wear in terms of wear rate (rate of removal of the material). Interfacial and bulk wear are discussed as well as a discussion on the wear study of "elastomers," "thermosets," "glassy thermoplastics," and "semicrystalline thermoplastics." The article also discusses the effects of environment and lubricant on the wear failures of polymers. It presents a case study on considering nylon as a tribological material and failure examples, explaining wear resistance of polyurethane elastomeric coatings and failure of an acetal gear wheel.
Book Chapter
Navigating the Plastic Material Selection Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006922
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Thermosets Epoxy EP Melamine ME Phenolic PF Unsaturated polyester UP Polyurethane PUR Vinyl ester VE The selection process or narrowing of candidate materials starts by asking key questions or listing the properties that the plastics must satisfy. At each question, plastics...
Abstract
There are many reasons why plastic materials should not be considered for an application. It is the responsibility of the design/materials engineer to recognize when the expected demands are outside of what the plastic can provide during the expected life-time of the product. This article reviews the numerous considerations that are equally important to help ensure that part failure does not occur. It provides a quick review of thermoplastic and thermoset plastics. The article focuses primarily on thermoset materials that at room temperature are below their glass transition temperature. It describes the motivation for material selection and the goal of the material selection process. The use of material datasheets for material selection as well as the processes involved in plastic material selection and post material selection is also covered.
Book Chapter
Function and Properties Factors in Plastics Processing Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006935
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... resistance. In thermosetting resins, which are cross linked in their final form, the molecule is infinitely large. During processing, however, its size can be as small as that of the monomer. Some of the liquid resins used to produce thermosets can have very low viscosities and can be ideal...
Abstract
Manufacturing process selection is a critical step in plastic product design. The article provides an overview of the functional requirements that a part must fulfil before process selection is attempted. A brief discussion on the effects of individual thermoplastic and thermosetting processes on plastic parts and the material properties is presented. The article presents process effects on molecular orientation. It also illustrates the thinking that goes into the selection of processes for size, shape, and design factors. Finally, the article describes how various processes handle reinforcement.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.9781627083959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
Book Chapter
Electrical Testing and Characterization of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006913
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
..., kV Inclined plane II, h, 2.5 kV Polyvinyl chloride 0.5 Tr … 0.5 Tr 0.5 Tr … … … Phenolic laminate, paper base 0.5 Tr 1 0.5 Tr … 0.2 (d) Tr 1.5 Tr … Epoxy resin, unfilled 1.7 Tr 60 + No Tr 0.5 Tr … 1.6 Tr … … Polyamide resin 58 + Er 5 … Tr 0.5 Tr … 1.3 Int...
Abstract
This article addresses electrical testing and characterization of plastics and presents a number of techniques for evaluating the electrical properties of insulating materials, with a special focus on plastics, accompanied by a list of the electrical properties of different types of plastics. It provides the reader with sufficient information to select the appropriate electrical test(s) for a specific application. The tests covered in this article are widely used in industry to determine the electrical properties of insulating materials, particularly plastics. The article lists and defines terms used in connection with testing and specification of plastics for electrical applications.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics—An Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of plastic materials Because of the diversity of mechanical behavior, the tension testing of plastics is subject to potential misapplication or misinterpretation of test results. This is particularly true for thermoplastics. Compared to thermoset resins, thermoplastics exhibit more disruption...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. It describes the test methods and provides comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are also briefly described. The article discusses the processes involved in the short-term and long-term tensile testing of plastics. Information on the strength/modulus and deflection tests, impact toughness, hardness testing, and fatigue testing of plastics is also provided. The article describes tension testing of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Polymer Additives
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006939
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... ( Ref 72 ). The data suggest that reacting and nonreacting plasticizers improve the cross-linking efficiency of novolac resins by more than 50% ( Ref 72 ). The reacting plasticizer will also solve the problem associated with VOCs in phenolic thermosets ( Ref 72 , 74 ). As previously mentioned...
Abstract
Polymer materials are key building blocks of the modern world, commonly used in packaging, automobiles, building materials, electronics, telecommunications, and many other industries. These commercial applications of polymeric materials would not be possible without the use of additives. This article is divided into five sections: mechanical property modifiers, physical property modifiers, biological function modifiers, processing aids, and colorants. It describes three classes of additives that are used to inhibit biological activity, six classes of mechanical property modifiers, three classes of physical property modifiers, and two classes of both colorants and processing aids.
Book Chapter
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006915
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... ). The term engineering resin or engineering plastic usually refers only to thermoplastics, which can be molded and remolded to shape, and excludes thermosets such as epoxy resins that cure into an infusible solid. Some rubbers (e.g., polyurethanes) that are cured or vulcanized are nevertheless classed...
Abstract
This article provides practical information and data on property development in engineering plastics. It discusses the effects of composition on submolecular and higher-order structure and the influence of plasticizers, additives, and blowing agents. It examines stress-strain curves corresponding to soft-and-weak, soft-and-tough, hard-and-brittle, and hard-and-tough plastics and temperature-modulus plots representative of polymers with different degrees of crystallinity, cross-linking, and polarity. It explains how viscosity varies with shear rate in polymer melts and how processes align with various regions of the viscosity curve. It discusses the concept of shear sensitivity, the nature of viscoelastic properties, and the electrical, chemical, and optical properties of different plastics. It also reviews plastic processing operations, including extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming, and addresses related considerations such as melt viscosity and melt strength, crystallization, orientation, die swell, melt fracture, shrinkage, molded-in stress, and polymer degradation.
Book Chapter
Fracture of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... 7.4 Hydrogen NH 3 35 8.4 H 2 O 51 12.2 Source: Ref 1 , 2 In thermosetting polymers, covalent cross links or strong hydrogen bonds occur between polymer chains, resulting in three-dimensional networks of cross-linked molecular chains. Phenol formaldehyde is a good example...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the sample or impregnating the mount with resin after preparation can retain the scale for examination. Additional information is provided in the articles “Practices in Failure Analysis” and “Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis” in this Volume. Corrosion Testing Corrosion testing...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.
Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Environmental- and Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... are sectioned carefully, mounted in a resin compound, ground, and polished to facilitate metallographic examination. The prepared cross sections are called metallurgical mounts and are prepared using standard metallographic techniques. Mounts are examined in the unetched and etched conditions. In the unetched...
Abstract
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
..., epoxies, and phenolics change chemically during processing and will not melt on reheating. Rather, they will remain strong until they break down chemically via charring or burning. Thermoset polymers are seldom crystalline because cross-linking inhibits the mobility of individual chains...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle fracture modes. Several case studies of field failure in various polymers are also presented to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
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