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nickel alloys
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in Perforation of a Nickel-Base Alloy Kiln
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Sulfidation and chloridation attack on nickel alloy of charcoal-regeneration kiln. See also Fig. 2 . Region 1 is an area of chromium sulfide islands (dark phase) interspersed in chromium-depleted region (bright phase). Region 2 has angular phase (consisting mostly of nickel sulfide
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in Perforation of a Nickel-Base Alloy Kiln
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Sulfidation and chloridation attack on nickel alloy of charcoal-regeneration kiln, with greater magnification (at ∼44×). Lower right is region of chromium sulfide islands (dark phase) interspersed in chromium-depleted region (bright phase). Middle region has angular phase (consisting
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c0091757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... the chemical makeup of these phases. Fig. 1 Sulfidation and chloridation attack on nickel alloy of charcoal-regeneration kiln. See also Fig. 2 . Region 1 is an area of chromium sulfide islands (dark phase) interspersed in chromium-depleted region (bright phase). Region 2 has angular phase (consisting...
Abstract
A kiln, 7.6 m (25 ft) long with a 1 m (3 ft) internal diameter and a 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) wall thickness, is used to regenerate spent charcoal returned by water utilities. This charcoal contains up to 0.57% S and 2.04% Cl. The kiln is made of Inconel 601 (N06601) welded using Inconel 617 (N06617) as a filler alloy. Wet charcoal is fed in at one end of the kiln and travels while being tumbled within the inclined rotating vessel. Temperatures range from 480 deg C (900 deg F) (Zone 1) to 900 deg C (1650 deg F) (Zones 2 and 3). Steam is introduced at the discharge end at 95 g/s (750 lb/h), 34 to 69 kPa (5 to 10 psi), and 125 deg C (260 deg F). The kiln developed perforations within eight months of operation. Investigation (visual inspection, metallurgical analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and 44X micrographs) supported the conclusion that the sulfur and chlorine in the charcoal attacked the Inconel 601, forming various sulfides and chlorides. Recommendations included on-site testing, and installation of test coupons of various alloys before fabricating another kiln. The suggested alloys were RA85H, 800HT, HR-120, Haynes 556, and HR-160.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
..., leaving a weak, porous residual structure. The brazing alloy was of type CP 1 as covered by BS 1845. Header and tube materials were basically copper-nickel alloys for which the use of a phosphorus bearing brazing alloy is not recommended owing to the possibility of forming the brittle intermetallic...
Abstract
Persistent leakage was experienced from copper tube heaters which formed part of dairy equipment. Metallurgical examination of the brazed joints showed them to have suffered a preferential corrosion attack. This resulted in the phosphide phase of the brazing alloy being corroded away, leaving a weak, porous residual structure. The brazing alloy was of type CP 1 as covered by BS 1845. Header and tube materials were basically copper-nickel alloys for which the use of a phosphorus bearing brazing alloy is not recommended owing to the possibility of forming the brittle intermetallic compound, nickel phosphide. The use of a brazing alloy containing phosphorus was unsuitable on two counts and a quaternary alloy containing silver, copper, cadmium and zinc, such as those in group AG1 or AG2 of BS 1845 would be more suitable. However, because corrosive problems experienced in these units indicated severe service conditions, a proprietary alloy similar to AG1, but containing 3% nickel, was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001628
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A nickel alloy cylinder plated with chromium along its inner liner, installed in a commercial ice cream freezer, showed gray discoloration along its OD surface. The discolored parts exhibited significantly reduced cooling efficiency as compared with new cylinders. During operation...
Abstract
A nickel alloy cylinder plated with chromium along its inner liner, installed in a commercial ice cream freezer, showed gray discoloration along its OD surface. The discolored parts exhibited significantly reduced cooling efficiency as compared with new cylinders. During operation, the OD of the cylinder was exposed to liquid ammonia refrigerant containing lubricant from the compressor. The lubricant (mineral oil) was intended to separate from the ammonia and be recirculated through the compressor. Nondestructive portable optical microscopy, XRF, EDS, and XPS analyses showed that the discoloration on the cylinder was associated with metal oxidation products coated with a thin oil film. One of the recommendations was to plate the OD of the cylinder with hard chromium to increase its resistance to erosion. Another recommendation was to reduce the amounts of water contamination in the refrigerant.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract At a power plant, C-276 nickel alloy welds (N10276) on a C-276 duct floor completely disappeared in less than half a year. A continuous supply of flue gas came in contact with the closed bypass duct. The unscrubbed combustion products condensed on the cold duct, then the closed damper...
Abstract
At a power plant, C-276 nickel alloy welds (N10276) on a C-276 duct floor completely disappeared in less than half a year. A continuous supply of flue gas came in contact with the closed bypass duct. The unscrubbed combustion products condensed on the cold duct, then the closed damper conducted heat from the chimney and reheated the condensate. Investigation (visual inspection and welded coupon testing) supported the conclusion that the corrosion was caused by “Green Death,” a corrosive medium used to test for pitting resistance (11.9% H2SO4 + 1.3% HCl + 1% FeCl3 + 1% CuCl2) at 103 deg C (217 deg F). Such conditions exist at power plants. Recommendations included repairing the C-276 plates with a 686CPT weld alloy, and if that did not correct the situation, replacing the plates with 686 plate (N06686) welded with 686 CPT.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0091754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract A transition duct was part of a 100-MW power-generation gas turbine. The duct was fabricated from several panels of a modified nickel alloy, IN-617. After six years of operation, two such ducts failed during the next two years, causing outages. Failure was in the form of a total...
Abstract
A transition duct was part of a 100-MW power-generation gas turbine. The duct was fabricated from several panels of a modified nickel alloy, IN-617. After six years of operation, two such ducts failed during the next two years, causing outages. Failure was in the form of a total collapse of the duct. Carbides and carbonitrides were found in all of the transitions examined. Investigation supported the conclusion that failure was caused by oxidation, oxide penetration, and oxide spallation which caused thinning of the duct wall. It was felt that the high oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures of the gases within the duct, combined with the high temperatures, facilitated nitrogen pickup. No recommendations were made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0046205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... include redesign of the fillet radius to a minimum of 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) and a maximum surface finish in the spline area of 0.8 microns. Material for the shafts should be modified to a nickel alloy steel, heat treated to a hardness of 28 to 32 HRC before machining. Ductile brittle transition Shafts...
Abstract
The splined shaft (1040 steel, heat treated to a hardness of 44 to 46 HRC and a tensile strength of approximately 1448 MPa, or 210 ksi) from a front-end loader used in a salt-handling area broke after being in service approximately two weeks while operating at temperatures near -18 deg C (0 deg F). During the summer, similar shafts had a service life of 5 to eight months. Examination of the fracture surface showed brittle fatigue cracks, and visual examination of the splines disclosed heavy chatter marks at the root of the spline, with burrs and tears at the fillet area. Evidence found supports the conclusion that the shaft failed as the result of stress in the sharp fillets and rough surfaces at the root of the splines. Cold weather failure occurred sooner than in hot weather because ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the 1040 steel shaft was too high. Recommendations include redesign of the fillet radius to a minimum of 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) and a maximum surface finish in the spline area of 0.8 microns. Material for the shafts should be modified to a nickel alloy steel, heat treated to a hardness of 28 to 32 HRC before machining.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... causes flake-like spalling. Measures to prevent SCC include stress reduction, use of austenitic steels or nickel alloys not susceptible to grain boundary attack, use of ferritic chromium steels, surface slag removal, control of temperature and chloride concentration, and cathodic protection...
Abstract
Practical examples of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and methods for its prevention were presented. Cracks in chloride-sensitive austenitic steels were very branched and transcrystalline. Etched cross sections of molybdenum-free samples showed chloride-induced cracks running out of the pitted areas. Alternatively polishing and etching micro-sections for viewing at high magnification made crack detail more visible. Optical and scanning electron micrographs showed cracking in austenitic cast steel and cast iron due to both internal tensile and critical residual stresses; the latter causes flake-like spalling. Measures to prevent SCC include stress reduction, use of austenitic steels or nickel alloys not susceptible to grain boundary attack, use of ferritic chromium steels, surface slag removal, control of temperature and chloride concentration, and cathodic protection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0091756
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract An alloy IN-690 (N06690) incinerator liner approximately 0.8 mm (0.031 in.) thick failed after only 250 h of service burning solid waste. Investigation supported the conclusion that the root cause of the failure was overfiring during startup and sulfidation of the nickel-base alloy...
Abstract
An alloy IN-690 (N06690) incinerator liner approximately 0.8 mm (0.031 in.) thick failed after only 250 h of service burning solid waste. Investigation supported the conclusion that the root cause of the failure was overfiring during startup and sulfidation of the nickel-base alloy. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... , Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 11 , ASM Handbook , Becker W. T. and Shipley R.J. , Ed., ASM International , 2002 , p 498 – 515 . 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532 • Rebak R. , Effects of Metallurgical Variables on the Corrosion of High-Nickel Alloys, Corrosion...
Abstract
A bent Ni-Cu Monel 400 alloy tube, which operated as part of a pipeline in a petrochemical distillery, failed by through-thickness cracking. The pipeline was used to carry a stream of gaseous hydrocarbons containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) into a reaction tower. The tower provided a caustic solution (NaOH) to remove HCl from the stream, before the latter was directed to a burner. Metallographic examination showed that the cracks were intergranular and were frequently branched. Although nominal chemical composition of the component was found within the specified range, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) indicated significant segregation of sulfur and chlorine along the grain boundaries. Failure was attributed to hypochlorous-acid (HClO)-induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The HClO was formed by the reaction of HCl with atmospheric O 2 that entered the tube during shutdowns and startups. Residual stresses, originating from in situ bend forming of the tube during assembly of the line, provided a driving force for crack growth, and the segregation of sulfur on grain boundaries made the material more susceptible to cracking.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... from a material immune to stress-corrosion cracking or to use interchangeable linings of such a material. A nickel alloy could be considered. Autoclaves Explosions Pressure vessels X8CrNiMoVNb 16 13 K Transgranular fracture Stress-corrosion cracking The damaged forged pressure vessel...
Abstract
A forged pressure vessel made from high temperature austenitic steel X8Cr-Ni-MoVNb 16 13 K (DIN 1.4988) failed. The widest part of the burst had fine cracks on the internal wall running longitudinally. When the internal wall was cleaned, numerous even finer cracks were exposed. On the fracture surfaces in this region an irregularly formed zone was visible in the direction of the internal wall and a fibrous oriented fracture zone towards the external wall. The fracture was typical of stress-corrosion cracking in austenitic steels. Vanadium trichloride was present and tensile stresses were of necessity set up by the internal pressure. Stress-corrosion cracking does not occur if one of the basic requirements is lacking. Because the chloride agent and tensile stresses were inevitably present, the only possible way to prevent future reoccurrence is to forge the entire pressure vessel from a material immune to stress-corrosion cracking or to use interchangeable linings of such a material. A nickel alloy could be considered.
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in Brittle Fracture of Welds in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 At the junction of the heat affected zone and weld metal, the light structure is typical of cast chromium-nickel alloy, and the dark HAZ is martensitic. (See Fig. 3 ) Vilella's etch; magnification 100 times.
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in Plating Adherence Problems in Electronic Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Electroless nickel underplating and gold plating on a copper alloy CDA175 module retaining clip. (a) shows a good plated clip and (b) shows a bad clip with copper oxide (black layer) at the copper/alloy nickel plating interface, where the separation occurred.
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Galvanic Corrosion of Internal Bolts from a Multistage Water Injection Pump
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... be caused by mechanical damage via spallation or cracking of the oxide film from cyclic oxidation of chromia and alumina oxides formed on nickel-base alloys due to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the oxide and the base alloy ( Ref 7 ). Small additions of lanthanum, yttrium, tantalum...
Abstract
High temperature corrosion may occur in numerous environments and is affected by factors such as temperature, alloy or protective coating composition, time, and gas composition. This article explains a number of potential degradation processes, namely, oxidation, carburization and metal dusting, sulfidation, hot corrosion, chloridation, hydrogen interactions, molten metals, molten salts, and aging reactions including sensitization, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with a discussion on various protective coatings, such as aluminide coatings, overlay coatings, thermal barrier coatings, and ceramic coatings.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... that problems in high-nickel alloy pigtails can he associated with cold-work procedures ( Ref 1 ). For instance, the isolation specifications for the furnace tube require the pigtail to be nipped by mechanical deformation. Failure may then occur in materials such as Incoloy if the service temperature is within...
Abstract
The curved parts of exit pigtails made of wrought Incoloy 800H tubing used in steam reforming furnaces failed by performance after a period of service shorter than that predicted by the designers. Examination of a set of tubes consisting of both curved (perforated) and straight parts revealed that the cracks initiated at the outer surface by a combined mechanism of creep and intergranular embrittlement. A smaller grain size resulting from cold bending fabrication procedures for the curved parts was responsible for accelerating the embrittlement. It was recommended that hot bending be used for fabrication of the curved parts. A change of alloy to a low-alloy chromium-molybdenum allay to protect against heat was also suggested.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001673
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... the nucleated crystals was very similar to that obtained on the corroded surface. The crystals were, therefore, pure copper without nickel or iron. At certain locations, trace amounts of chlorine and sulfur were detected. At the boundary between the copper crystals and the alloy, copper and sulfur were the only...
Abstract
The failure of a 90-10 cupronickel heat exchanger tube resulted in flooding of the vessel and subsequently sinking it. The corrosion of the cupronickel alloy was facilitated by the high sulfur content of the seawater in which it operated. The failure modes were anodic dissolution and copper reprecipitation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001599
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... revealed the presence of an alloy containing nickel and molybdenum in several ingots found on the bottom of the melter and on a drip which had solidified on the electrode sheath. This indicates that a major portion of the electrode assembly was exposed to a temperature of at least 1317 deg C, the nickel...
Abstract
Failure of a pilot scale test melter resulted from severe overheating of an Inconel 690 (690) jacketed molybdenum electrode. Extreme temperatures were required to melt the glass during this campaign because the feed material contained a very high waste loading. Metallurgical evaluation revealed the presence of an alloy containing nickel and molybdenum in several ingots found on the bottom of the melter and on a drip which had solidified on the electrode sheath. This indicates that a major portion of the electrode assembly was exposed to a temperature of at least 1317 deg C, the nickel/molybdenum eutectic temperature. Small regions on the end of the 690 sheath showed evidence of melting, indicating that this localized region exceeded 1345 deg C, the melting point of 690. In addition to nickel, antimony was found on the grain boundaries of the molybdenum electrode. This also contributed to the failure of the electrode. The source of the antimony was not identified but is believed to have originated from the feed material. Metallurgical evaluation also revealed that nickel had attacked the grain boundaries of the molybdenum/tungsten drain valve. This component did not fail in service; however, intergranular attack led to degradation of the mechanical properties, resulting in the fracture of the drain valve tip during disassembly. Antimony was not observed on this component.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c0046956
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... Abstract A brazing-furnace muffle 34 cm (13 in.) wide, 26 cm (10 in.) high, and 198 cm (78 in.) long, was fabricated from nickel-base high-temperature alloy sheet and installed in a gas-fired furnace used for copper brazing of various assemblies. The operating temperature of the muffle...
Abstract
A brazing-furnace muffle 34 cm (13 in.) wide, 26 cm (10 in.) high, and 198 cm (78 in.) long, was fabricated from nickel-base high-temperature alloy sheet and installed in a gas-fired furnace used for copper brazing of various assemblies. The operating temperature of the muffle was reported to have been closely controlled at the normal temperature of 1175 deg C (2150 deg F); a hydrogen atmosphere was used during brazing. After about five months of continuous operation, four or five holes developed on the floor of the muffle, and the muffle was removed from service. Analysis (visual inspection, x-ray spectrometry, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the muffle failed by localized overheating in some areas to temperatures exceeding 1260 deg C (2300 deg F). The copper found near the holes had dripped to the floor from assemblies during brazing. The copper diffused into the nickel-base alloy and formed a grain-boundary phase that was molten at the operating temperature. The presence of this phase caused localized liquefaction and weakened the alloy sufficiently to allow formation of the holes. No recommendations were made.
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