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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001224
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... that the fracturing had something to do with the precipitation of sigma phase. Metallographic examination showed that the multiaxial stresses caused by sigma phase formation and the related embrittlement was the cause for the fracture of the recuperator. A steel of lower chromium content with no or little tendency...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... uniaxial tension tests. Because most real-world structures and components are typically subjected to more complex multiaxial stress states rather than constant uniaxial load, it is important to be able to predict the creep deformation and rupture behavior under multiaxial stress condition using...
Book Chapter

By Mohammad Amjadi
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006940
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... in part the viscoelastic nature of the mechanical response of the polymer, and can be accompanied at high stress by permanent deformation, crazing, void formation, and shear force localization. Effect of Stress State on Mechanical Fatigue Failure Multiaxial stress states exist in most design...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... a stress concentration factor of perhaps 4 to 5. Finally, the multiaxial stress state resulting from the overall and local geometries could have allowed the stress at the origin to approach the uniaxial yield strength, without being relieved by plastic flow. In view of these factors, a local stress level...
Book Chapter

By Phillip E. Prueter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.../rotation of the principal axes. Furthermore, the amount of this additional strain hardening depends on the degree of load nonproportionality as well as the material in question ( Ref 36 ). Cyclic stress multiaxiality and material strain-hardening models are further discussed later in this article...
Book Chapter

By Lothar Issler
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., the type, sequence, magnitude, and number of the fluctuating (multiaxial) stresses often in combination with complex environmental influences (temperature, corrosion, wear). These factors complicate the laboratory simulation of actual application conditions and often require full-sized component tests...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... that happen to be located in this region of high multiaxial stress). Depending on the exact nature of the residual stress field and the alignment of the shell, this horizontal flaw will continue to grow under the influence of substantial longitudinal tensile stress excursions. If stress conditions are right...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006919
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of displacement. The reason for this deviation is the fact that multiaxial stress states do affect the yield behavior of plastics. Compared to uniaxial tensile loading, the yield strength is greater in compressive and less in shear or biaxial tensile loading ( Ref 17 , 18 ). Thus, the third model improves...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... maximum stress–strain conditions and the number of cycles to initiation of crack. These damage models are uniaxial and it is difficult to handle how process parameters and design changes will affect the multiaxial stress–strain state under loading. Successful implementation of these damage models requires...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the applied stress reaches the yield point. However, for more complex multiaxial stress states, the point at which yield is anticipated may not be as clear. Theories such as maximum shear stress, maximum distortion energy, and others are detailed in Ref 4 and may be applied by the failure analyst...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006797
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... the applied stress reaches the yield point. However, for more complex multiaxial stress states, the point at which yield is anticipated may not be as clear. Theories such as maximum shear stress, maximum distortion energy, and others are detailed in Ref 5 and may be applied by the failure analyst...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of crack, and the sudden fracture of the remaining cross section. The article discusses the effects of loading and stress distribution on fatigue cracks, and reviews the fatigue behavior of materials when subjected to different loading conditions such as bending and loading. The article examines...
Book Chapter

By Scott M. Olig
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006941
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... change of a plastic part over the course of time when it is subjected to a constant force also depends on the state of stress itself ( Ref 6 , 7 , 15 , 16 ). The actual state of stress on an in-service plastic article is probably a multiaxial combination of tensile, shearing, and/or compressive...
Book Chapter

By A.R. Shah, D.B. Edwards
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... network of voids among highly drawn polymer fibrils that bridge the craze faces. Crazing begins with microvoid formation under the action of the hydrostatic tension component of the stress tensor. It is particularly sensitive to multiaxial tensile stresses that frequently occur at sites of stress...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts. brittle fracture crack nucleation crack...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006934
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of polymers depends primarily on the shear component of the stress tensor but also on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor. Figure 10 shows the effect of pressure on the yield point. Under a multiaxial stress field, a modification of either the Tresca or the von Mises criterion is applicable...
Book Chapter

By Javier C. Cruz, Jeffrey A. Jansen
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006917
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006768
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual-stress analysis is an essential tool for failure analysis. This article focuses primarily on what the analyst should know about applying XRD residual-stress measurement techniques to failure analysis. Discussions are extended to the description of ways...
Book Chapter

By Bryan Allison
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006792
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of predicting them. Microstructural Changes The cyclic multiaxial stress state associated with RCF leads to several changes in the microstructure of the material, which are apparent when the material is polished and etched. The etchant used varies with the material, but for most bearing steels, a 3...