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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... preparation scanning electron microscope scanning electron microscopy THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. Compared to the light microscope, it expands the resolution range by more than 1...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. The SEM provides the user with an unparalleled ability to observe and quantify the surface of a sample. This article discusses the development of SEM technology and operating principles of basic systems of SEM. The basic systems covered include the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and the vacuum system. The processes involved in the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM are described, and the application of SEM in fractography is discussed. The article covers the failure mechanisms of ductile failure, brittle failure, mixed-mode failure, and fatigue failure. Lastly, image dependence on microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and vacuum system. It discusses the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM and describes the application of SEM in fractography. If the surface remains unaffected and undamaged by events subsequent to the actual failure, it is often a simple matter to determine the failure mode by the use of an SEM. In cases where the surface is altered after the initial failure, the case may not be so straightforward. The article presents typical examples that illustrate these points. Image dependence on the microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... of three people hired to perform the review [ 7 ]. We concluded that the temperature estimates were reasonable and suggested that quantitative microscopy, aided by selective etching, might permit a more precise estimate of the degree of thermal exposure. Subsequently, the writer obtained the metallographic...
Abstract
The accident at Three Mile Island Unit No. 2 on 28 March 1979 was the worst nuclear accident in US history. By Jan 1990, it was possible to electrochemically machine coupons from the lower head using a specially designed tool. The specimens contained the ER308L stainless steel cladding and the A533 Grade B plate material to a depth of about mid-wall. The microstructures of these specimens were compared to that of specimens cut from the Midland, Michigan reactor vessel, made from the same grade and thickness but never placed in service. These specimens were subjected to known thermal treatments between 800 and 1100 deg C for periods of 1 to 100 min. Microstructural parameters in the control specimens and in those from TMI-2 were quantified. Selective etchants were used to better discriminate desired microstructural features, particularly in the cladding. This report is a progress report on the quantification of changes in both the degree of carbide precipitation and delta ferrite content and shape in the cladding as a function of temperature and time to refine the estimates of the maximum temperatures experienced.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Scanning electron microscopy. (a) Typical scanning electron microscope used in failure analysis photography. (b) Scanning electron microscope photograph of a fatigue fracture
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Scanning electron microscopy photo of the surface of a 300-series stainless steel sample obtained from AES instrument. Field of view, 1 μm
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in Microstructural Analysis of Failure of a Stainless Steel Bone Plate Implant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of surface fracture
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in Microstructural Analysis of Failure of a Stainless Steel Bone Plate Implant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of surface fracture A with identification of fracture initiation site
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 14 Microscopy of steel surface that has begun to fail due to surface-initiated fatigue
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 5 Scanning electron microscopy images of worn surfaces of AISI 1045 medium-carbon steel samples after predeformation (tensile) at two different strain rates. (a) Sample predeformed at a strain rate of 0.75 × 10 −2 /s. (b) Sample predeformed at a strain rate of 1/s. Wear tests were
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 3 Scanning electron microscopy observation of erosion surface. Original magnification: 50×. Reprinted from Ref 34 with permission from Elsevier
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 8 Scanning electron microscopy observation of single V-groove of small relative roughness ( D / d = 0.5). Reprinted from Ref 20 with permission from Elsevier
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 9 Scanning electron microscopy observation of single V-groove of large relative roughness ( D / d = 1.67). Reprinted from Ref 20 with permission from Elsevier
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 29 Transmission electron microscopy replica of tongues on a fracture surface of iron. Source: Ref 19
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 32 (a) Examples of fans in a two-stage transmission electron microscopy replica of a cleavage fracture surface of iron. The river lines point back to the crack initiation site. (b) Fans on scanning electron microscopy image. Source: Ref 20 , 22
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 34 Scanning electron microscopy view of fatigue striations in aluminum forging tested under cyclic loading
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 35 Striations observed by scanning electron microscopy on rotating-beam fatigue specimen made of cold-worked electrolytic tough pitch copper. Crack growth direction is from upper right to lower left, and specimen was tested at relatively high stress.
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 1 Scanning electron microscopy images of (a) intergranular fracture in ion-nitrided layer of ductile iron (ASTM 80-55-06), (b) transgranular fracture by cleavage in ductile iron (ASTM 80-55-06), and (c) ductile fracture with equiaxed dimples from microvoid coalescence around graphite
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 2 Scanning electron microscopy images of intergranular fracture with different grain morphologies. (a) Rock candy appearance from atmospheric stress-corrosion cracking of a high-strength aluminum alloy with equiaxed grains. Original magnification: 130×. (b) Intergranular fracture along
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 3 Scanning electron microscopy image of fracture surface of nickel-base alloy (Inconel 751, annealed and aged) after stress rupture (730 °C, or 1350 °F; 380 MPa, or 55 ksi; 125 h). (a) Low-magnification view, with picture width shown at approximately 0.35 mm (0.0138 in.) from original
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 1 Scanning electron microscopy images of dimple-rupture fractures. (a) Fracture of low-alloy medium-carbon steel bolt (SAE grade 5). Original magnification: 1750×. (b) Equiaxed tensile dimples originating around the graphite nodules of ASTM 60-45-10 ductile iron. Original magnification
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