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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling. backscattered electron imaging economy test elemental composition analysis energy-dispersive spectrometry failure analysis metals microchemical analysis referee test specimen...
Abstract
This article describes some of the common elemental composition analysis methods and explains the concept of referee and economy test methods in failure analysis. It discusses different types of microchemical analyses, including backscattered electron imaging, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006766
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Identification of alloys using quantitative chemical analysis is an essential step during a metallurgical failure analysis process. There are several methods available for quantitative analysis of metal alloys, and the analyst should carefully approach selection of the method used...
Abstract
Identification of alloys using quantitative chemical analysis is an essential step during a metallurgical failure analysis process. There are several methods available for quantitative analysis of metal alloys, and the analyst should carefully approach selection of the method used. The choice of appropriate analytical techniques is determined by the specific chemical information required, the condition of the sample, and any limitations imposed by interested parties. This article discusses some of the commonly used quantitative chemical analysis techniques for metals. The discussion covers the operating principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray spectroscopy, and ion chromatography (IC). In addition, information on combustion analysis and inert gas fusion analysis is provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... propagation fractography metals microscale models root-cause failure analysis specimen preparation void coalescence void nucleation THE CONCEPT OF DUCTILE AND BRITTLE BEHAVIOR generally applies to the macroscopic scale. However, there is no universally accepted transition point from ductile...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
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in Failure of a Transfer Line on an Ethane Cracking Furnace Due to Sulfidation
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Oil and Gas Production Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 8 Free energy diagram for the formation of sulfides of various metals. Source: Ref 3
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in Failure of a Carbon Steel Galvanizing Vat
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Offshore, Shipbuilding, and Marine Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Microstructures of weld metals in T joints of ASTM A285, grade B, steel. (a) Submerged arc weld in a galvanizing vat that failed by molten-zinc corrosion along elongated ferrite bands such as those shown. Etched with 2% nital. 100x. (b) Multiple-pass manual shielded metal arc weld
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Sketch from the Metals Handbook introductory failure analysis article. Source: Ref 1
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either liquid or solid form. This article summarizes the characteristics of solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) and liquid...
Abstract
Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either liquid or solid form. This article summarizes the characteristics of solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) and liquid metal induced embrittlement (LMIE). It describes the unique features that assist in arriving at a clear conclusion whether SMIE or LMIE is the most probable cause of the problem. The article briefly reviews some commercial alloy systems where LMIE or SMIE has been documented. It also provides some examples of cracking due to these phenomena, either in manufacturing or in service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or the fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either the liquid or solid form. This article summarizes some of the characteristics of liquid-metal- and solid-metal-induced...
Abstract
Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or the fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either the liquid or solid form. This article summarizes some of the characteristics of liquid-metal- and solid-metal-induced embrittlement. This phenomenon shares many of these characteristics with other modes of environmentally induced cracking, such as hydrogen embrittlement and stress-corrosion cracking. The discussion covers the occurrence, failure analysis, and service failures of the embrittlement. The article also briefly reviews some commercial alloy systems in which liquid-metal-induced embrittlement or solid-metal-induced embrittlement has been documented and describes some examples of cracking due to these phenomena, either in manufacturing or in service.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001643
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A crumpled piece of sheet metal had two cracks in a T-junction shape. The relative locations of shear lips in the cracks allowed deduction of which crack happened first, and which direction the cracks propagated. Cracking (fracturing) Sheet metal Sheet metal Ductile fracture...
Abstract
A crumpled piece of sheet metal had two cracks in a T-junction shape. The relative locations of shear lips in the cracks allowed deduction of which crack happened first, and which direction the cracks propagated.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001184
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Examples of metallic inclusions in steels of various types are presented. The structure of an inclusion in an annealed Fe-1C-1.5Cr steel consisted of ferrite with lamellar pearlite. The carbon content of the inclusion was therefore considerably lower than that of the chromium steel...
Abstract
Examples of metallic inclusions in steels of various types are presented. The structure of an inclusion in an annealed Fe-1C-1.5Cr steel consisted of ferrite with lamellar pearlite. The carbon content of the inclusion was therefore considerably lower than that of the chromium steel and was adapted to the latter by diffusion only at the periphery of the inclusion. In another section of a hardened piece of the same chromium steel, the steel in this case had a structure of martensite with hypereutectic carbide, while the inclusions consisted of a very fine laminated eutectoid of the lower pearlite range (Troostite). In a pipe of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel a weakly magnetizable spot of limited size was found. This inclusion too was probably more alloy-deficient than the austenitic steel, similar to the ones described above. All three cases were casting defects.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (schematic). (a) Classic Moore hip endoprosthesis. (b) Müller total hip prosthesis (metal against polyethylene acetabular cap). (c) Weber total hip prosthesis with movable head and metal, ceramic, and polyethylene components. (d) Müller total hip prosthesis with straight stem. (e) Hinge-like knee joint...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract In the course of a general overhaul, the crankpins and main journals (3 in. diam) of the crankshaft of a four-cylinder oil engine were built up by metal spraying. Four weeks later, the shaft broke through the pin remote from the flywheel (driving) end. The fracture was of the fatigue...
Abstract
In the course of a general overhaul, the crankpins and main journals (3 in. diam) of the crankshaft of a four-cylinder oil engine were built up by metal spraying. Four weeks later, the shaft broke through the pin remote from the flywheel (driving) end. The fracture was of the fatigue type. A creeping crack originated in the fillet at the inside surface of the pin and extended parallel to the plane of the web across practically the entire section before complete rupture occurred. The sprayed metal on the fractured pin had very poor adhesion. The surfaces of the main journals had not been grooved but appeared to have been roughened by shot or grit-blasting prior to spraying and the deposit was more firmly adherent to these surfaces than in the case of the pins. It is doubtful, however, whether the adhesion of sprayed metal to a surface prepared even in this manner would always be satisfactory under severe loading conditions, such as those to which a crankpin is subjected in service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article provides an overview of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes and describes sources of failures in metal AM parts. It focuses on metal AM product failures and potential solutions related to design considerations, metallurgical characteristics, production...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes and describes sources of failures in metal AM parts. It focuses on metal AM product failures and potential solutions related to design considerations, metallurgical characteristics, production considerations, and quality assurance. The emphasis is on the design and metallurgical aspects for the two main types of metal AM processes: powder-bed fusion (PBF) and directed-energy deposition (DED). The article also describes the processes involved in binder jet sintering, provides information on the design and fabrication sources of failure, addresses the key factors in production and quality control, and explains failure analysis of AM parts.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... of production. Castings examined were of an automobile name-plate holder with two flat sides of approximately 113 sq cm. All castings produced during a trial showed laking defects, the number and position varying from casting to casting. It was found that formation of metal waves and lakes depended primarily...
Abstract
Lakes in zinc die castings are areas encompassed by irregular lines or waves on flat or slightly contoured surfaces which are intended to look uniform. The laked areas have to be removed by polishing before the castings can be plated. This adds considerably to the overall cost of production. Castings examined were of an automobile name-plate holder with two flat sides of approximately 113 sq cm. All castings produced during a trial showed laking defects, the number and position varying from casting to casting. It was found that formation of metal waves and lakes depended primarily on the design of the gate and runner system and operating conditions. High flow efficiencies, with adequate feeding to all sections of the die, and short cavity fill times are desirable.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
...Some sources of embrittling metal environments in industry Table 1 Some sources of embrittling metal environments in industry Coatings, e.g., Cd, Zn on steels, inadvertently exposed to high temperatures Solders, Brazes, and Galvanizing baths (if applied/residual stresses are high...
Abstract
Several cases of embrittlement failure are analyzed, including liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) of an aluminum alloy pipe in a natural gas plant, solid metal-induced embrittlement (SMIE) of a brass valve in an aircraft engine oil cooler, LME of a cadmium-plated steel screw from a crashed helicopter, and LME of a steel gear by a copper alloy from an overheated bearing. The case histories illustrate how LME and SMIE failures can be diagnosed and distinguished from other failure modes, and shed light on the underlying causes of failure and how they might be prevented. The application of LME as a failure analysis tool is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001318
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of the contaminated manifold was recommended along with discontinued use of mercury manometers, the original source of mercury contamination. Selected Reference Selected Reference • Warke W.R. , Liquid Metal and Solid Metal Induced Embrittlement , Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 11 , ASM...
Abstract
Failure of three C22000 commercial bronze rupture discs was caused by mercury embrittlement. The discs were part of flammable gas cylinder safety devices designed to fail in a ductile mode when cylinders experience higher than design pressures. The subject discs failed prematurely below design pressure in a brittle manner. Fractographic examination using SEM indicated that failure occurred intergranularly from the cylinder side. EDS analysis indicated the presence of mercury on the fracture surface and mercury was also detected using scanning auger microprobe (SAM) analysis. The mercury was accidentally introduced into the cylinders during a gas-blending operation through a contaminated blending manifold. Replacement of the contaminated manifold was recommended along with discontinued use of mercury manometers, the original source of mercury contamination.
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Metal tubes sectioned from tubesheet and those with severe metal loss (11 in. from tubesheet) are laid side-by-side.
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Published: 01 December 1992
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in Mechanical Failure of a Repair Welded Ferritic Malleable Cast Iron Spring Hanger
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
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