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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling. backscattered electron imaging economy test elemental composition analysis energy-dispersive spectrometry failure analysis metals microchemical analysis referee test specimen...
Abstract
This article describes some of the common elemental composition analysis methods and explains the concept of referee and economy test methods in failure analysis. It discusses different types of microchemical analyses, including backscattered electron imaging, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The article concludes with information on specimen handling.
Book Chapter
Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Book Chapter
Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Metals in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006766
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Identification of alloys using quantitative chemical analysis is an essential step during a metallurgical failure analysis process. There are several methods available for quantitative analysis of metal alloys, and the analyst should carefully approach selection of the method used...
Abstract
Identification of alloys using quantitative chemical analysis is an essential step during a metallurgical failure analysis process. There are several methods available for quantitative analysis of metal alloys, and the analyst should carefully approach selection of the method used. The choice of appropriate analytical techniques is determined by the specific chemical information required, the condition of the sample, and any limitations imposed by interested parties. This article discusses some of the commonly used quantitative chemical analysis techniques for metals. The discussion covers the operating principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray spectroscopy, and ion chromatography (IC). In addition, information on combustion analysis and inert gas fusion analysis is provided.
Book Chapter
Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... propagation fractography metals microscale models root-cause failure analysis specimen preparation void coalescence void nucleation THE CONCEPT OF DUCTILE AND BRITTLE BEHAVIOR generally applies to the macroscopic scale. However, there is no universally accepted transition point from ductile...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
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Incubation time of different metals and alloys (frequency = 21.1 kHz; dista...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Incubation time of different metals and alloys (frequency = 21.1 kHz; distance between specimen and vibration horn = 0.9 mm; vibration amplitude = 35 μm; temperature = 20 °C; liquid: water). Source: Ref 30
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Erosion rate of different metals and alloys (frequency = 20 kHz; specimen m...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 14 Erosion rate of different metals and alloys (frequency = 20 kHz; specimen mounted in vibration horn; vibration amplitude = 50 μm; temperature = 20 °C; liquid: distilled water). Source: Ref 2
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Erosion rate of metals in mineral oil (frequency = 20 kHz; specimen mounted...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 Erosion rate of metals in mineral oil (frequency = 20 kHz; specimen mounted in vibration horn; vibration amplitude = 50 μm; liquid: mineral oil, viscosity at 20 °C = 110 cS). Source: Ref 35
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Examples of fracture surfaces in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. (a) Aust...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Examples of fracture surfaces in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. (a) Austenitic 316L stainless steel with variable sizes of equiaxed/tensile dimples. 690×. Courtesy of Mohan Chaudhari, Columbus Metallurgical Services. (b) 2014-T6 aluminum alloy where unstable rapid fracture exhibits
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Simplified deformation behavior (Ashby) maps of unalloyed annealed metals w...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 21 Simplified deformation behavior (Ashby) maps of unalloyed annealed metals with (a) face-centered cubic crystal structure and (b) body-centered cubic crystal structure. Engineering alloys may behave somewhat differently than unalloyed metals, but these general trends are relatively
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Image
Galvanic series of metals and alloys in seawater. Alloys are listed in orde...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Galvanic series of metals and alloys in seawater. Alloys are listed in order of the potential they exhibit in flowing seawater; those indicated by the black rectangle were tested in low-velocity or poorly aerated water and at shielded areas may become active and exhibit a potential near
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Effect of abrasive hardness on wear behavior of metals and ceramics. Source...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Effect of abrasive hardness on wear behavior of metals and ceramics. Source: Ref 7
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Notch sensitivity versus notch radius for various metals. Approximate value...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Notch sensitivity versus notch radius for various metals. Approximate values (note shaded band). Not verified for deep notches thickness/radius. Source: Ref 9
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Galvanic attack at a water pipe joint involving dissimilar metals
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Three micromechanisms of fracture in metals. (a) Ductile fracture. (b) Clea...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 41 Three micromechanisms of fracture in metals. (a) Ductile fracture. (b) Cleavage fracture. (c) Intergranular fracture. Source: Ref 43
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Comparison between metals and ceramic coatings fretted against an alumina b...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 16 Comparison between metals and ceramic coatings fretted against an alumina ball for similar lading conditions. HSS, high-strength steel. Adapted from Ref 42
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Simplified deformation behavior (Ashby) maps of unalloyed annealed metals w...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 17 Simplified deformation behavior (Ashby) maps of unalloyed annealed metals with (a) face-centered cubic crystal structure and (b) body-centered cubic crystal structure. Engineering alloys may behave somewhat differently than unalloyed metals, but these general trends are relatively
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 8 Mean stress sensitivity, M , for different metals. K t = 1 to 5; N = 10 4 to 10 6 ; probability of failure = 50%. Source: Ref 5
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Galvanic series of metals and alloys in seawater. Alloys are listed in orde...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 3 Galvanic series of metals and alloys in seawater. Alloys are listed in order of the potential they exhibit in flowing seawater; those indicated by a black rectangle were tested in low-velocity or poorly aerated water and at shielded areas may become active and exhibit a potential near
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Image
Effect of abrasive hardness on wear behavior of metals and ceramics. Source...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 5 Effect of abrasive hardness on wear behavior of metals and ceramics. Source: Ref 7
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Image
Three micromechanisms of fracture in metals. (a) Ductile fracture. (b) Clea...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 35 Three micromechanisms of fracture in metals. (a) Ductile fracture. (b) Cleavage fracture. (c) Intergranular fracture. Source: Ref 42
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