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metal loss
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Metal tubes sectioned from tubesheet and those with severe metal loss (11 in. from tubesheet) are laid side-by-side.
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 3 SEM micrograph showing horseshoe pattern of metal loss on the inside surface of separator 1. 27.9×
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 4 SEM micrograph showing horseshoe pattern of metal loss on the inside surface of separator 2. 27.9×
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 5 SEM micrograph showing horseshoe pattern of metal loss on the inside surface of separator 3. 27.9×
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Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 01 June 2019
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... and seats. Visual examination revealed severe localized metal loss in the form of deep grooves with smooth and wavy surfaces. Metallographic analysis of the grooved areas revealed uniform metal loss. No evidence of intergranular or selective attack indicating erosion-corrosion was observed, Recommendations...
Abstract
Two hot water reheat coil valves from a heating/ventilating/air-conditioning system failed in service. The values, a 353 copper alloy 19 mm (3/4 in.) valve and a 360 copper alloy 13 mm (1/2 in.) valve, had been failing at an increasing rate. The failures were confined to the stems and seats. Visual examination revealed severe localized metal loss in the form of deep grooves with smooth and wavy surfaces. Metallographic analysis of the grooved areas revealed uniform metal loss. No evidence of intergranular or selective attack indicating erosion-corrosion was observed, Recommendations included use of a higher-copper brass, cupronickel, or Monel for the valve seats and stems and operation of the valves in either the fully opened or closed position.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract A 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 1.6 mm (0.065 in.) thick alloy 800 1iner from an internal bypass line in a hydrogen reformer was removed from a waste heat boiler because of severe metal loss. Visual and metallographic examinations of the liner indicated severe metal wastage on the inner surface...
Abstract
A 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 1.6 mm (0.065 in.) thick alloy 800 1iner from an internal bypass line in a hydrogen reformer was removed from a waste heat boiler because of severe metal loss. Visual and metallographic examinations of the liner indicated severe metal wastage on the inner surface, along with sooty residue. Patterns similar to those associated with erosion/corrosion damage were observed. Microstructural examination of wasted areas revealed a bulk matrix composed of massive carbides, indicating that gross carburization and metal dusting had occurred. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the carbides were primarily chromium based (Cr 23 C 7 and Cr 7 C 3 ). The sooty substance was identified as graphite. Wasted areas were ferromagnetic and the degree of ferromagnetism was directly related to the degree of wastage. Three actions were recommended: (1) inspection of the waste heat boiler to determine the extent of metal damage in other areas by measuring the degree of ferromagnetism, (2) replacement of metal determined to be magnetic, and (3) closer monitoring of temperatures in the region of the reformer furnace outlet.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001699
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... and inner surfaces of the pipe. Visual observations on the inner diametral surfaces revealed that the pipes were, in almost all cases, filled with corrosion products. A significant amount of base metal loss was documented in all of the samples. The cause of the observed corrosion was determined to be a lack...
Abstract
A shopping mall in South Carolina was originally constructed in 1988 and a second phase completed in 1989. The HVAC system inside the mall included an open, recirculating condenser water loop that served various fan coil units located within tenant spaces. The system had a recirculating capacity of about 44,000 gal (166,000 L) of water. It consisted primarily of steel pipes fitted with threaded connectors on the 2 in. (46 cm) pipes and bolted flanged couplings on the larger pipes. Seven years following the completion of the mall, corrosion problems were noted at the outer and inner surfaces of the pipe. Visual observations on the inner diametral surfaces revealed that the pipes were, in almost all cases, filled with corrosion products. A significant amount of base metal loss was documented in all of the samples. The cause of the observed corrosion was determined to be a lack of corrosion monitoring and poor water quality. Pipe replacement and a regular water testing program were recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001316
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... the last inspection, when they were removed from service because of significant sidewall metal loss. Applications The units separated steam and water in a multiple-fuel-fired boiler operating at 227,000 kg/h (500,000 lb./h) of steam team conditions were reported to be 6.2 MPa (900 psig) and 480 °C...
Abstract
Three 1006 carbon steels team/water separators failed in a boiler in installation after several years of service. Annual inspection had revealed no evidence of deterioration until the last inspection, when they were removed from service. Metallurgical investigation determined that the separators had deteriorated because of erosion corrosion. Further analysis of the boiler operation revealed that operational changes made in the last year of service caused an increase in velocity of the water/steam mixture. It was recommended that the operating parameters for the boiler be reevaluated and prior levels of operation be reinstituted.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001604
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
..., delivered, and installed. The refurbished unit failed after operating for two weeks. Failure was due to perforation of the outer tubes approximately 28 cm up from the bottom tubesheet ( Fig. 4 ). Excessive metal loss caused penetration of the outer tube and allowed SO 2 to enter the feed water system...
Abstract
Critical heat exchanger components are usually manufactured from durable steels, such as stainless steel, which exhibit good strength and corrosion resistance. Failure of a heat exchanger occurred due to specification of a plain carbon steel that did not survive service in the SO2 vapor environment. However, failure analysis showed that cavitation erosion was the responsible failure mechanism, not corrosion as might be expected.
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 69 (a) Schematic representation of the production system. (b) Location of the pit plug and metal loss and transition of laminar fluid flow to turbulent flow
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Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 9 Longitudinal cross section through separator 1 adjacent to the opening. A crescent-shaped pattern of metal loss is evident on the inside diameter (top). Unetched. 62×
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... the nominal wall thickness was 7.62 mm (0.300 in.) and the minimum allowable thickness under ASTM A-53 was 6.655 mm (0.262 in.). Fig. 4 Plane section of the cross-tee assembly showing the approximate location of the wall thickness measurements. Thus, the average metal loss for the 2-in. pipe...
Abstract
A carbon steel piping cross-tee assembly which conveyed hydrogen sulfide (H7S) process gas at 150 to 275 deg C (300 to 585 deg F) with a maximum allowable operating pressure of 3 MPa (450 psig) ruptured at the toe of one of the welds at the cross after several years of service. The failure was initially thought to be the result of thermal fatigue, and the internal surfaces exhibited the “elephant hide” pattern characteristic of thermal fatigue. However metallographic failure analysis found that this pattern was the result of corrosion rather than thermal fatigue. Corrosion caused failure at this location because the weld was abnormally thin as fabricated. Thus, failure resulted from inadequate deposition of weld metal and subsequent wall thinning from internal corrosion. It was recommended that the cross-tee be replaced with a like component, with more careful attention to weld quality.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of the personnel conducting the assessment. API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, Part 4, “Assessment of General Metal Loss;” Part 5, “Assessment of Local Metal Loss;” and Part 6, “Assessment of Pitting Corrosion” provide guidance on how to address the loss of wall thickness due to corrosion. This article illustrates the use...
Abstract
This article illustrates the use of the American Petroleum Institute (API) 579-1/ASME FFS-1 fitness-for-service (FFS) code (2020) to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals facility. In the first two cases, remaining life is assessed by determining the minimum thickness required to operate the corroded equipment. The first is based on a Level 2 FFS assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating crack-like flaws using the failure assessment diagram. Need for caution in predicting remaining life due to corrosion is also covered.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... dissolution. These reasons underlie the fact that metal loss was found only under the thick oxide scale. Hydrogen produced during the corrosion process easily diffuses into the steel as nascent hydrogen, resulting in localized decarborization. A product of the reaction of the hydrogen ions with iron...
Abstract
A high-pressure steam pipe specified to be P22 low-alloy steel failed after 25 years of service. Located at the end of the steam line, the pipe reportedly received no steam flow during normal service. Visual examination of the failed pipe section revealed a window fracture that appeared brittle in nature. Specimens from the fracture area and from an area well away from the fracture were examined metallographically and chemically analyzed. Results indicated that the pipe had failed by hydrogen damage that resulted in brittle fracture. Chemical analysis indicated that the pipe material was 1020 carbon steel, not P22. The misapplication of pipe material was considered to be a contributing factor. Position of the pipe within the system caused the localized damage.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001701
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... surfaces of the small diameter (1inch or 2.54 cms) steel pipes revealed the presence of severe tuberculation, typical result of exposure to soft waters passing through steel piping. The tubercles were strongly adherent to the surfaces of the pipe ( Figures 1 & 2 ). The base metal loss underneath...
Abstract
A closed-loop hot water heating system at a museum in South Carolina was the subject of failure evaluation. The system consisted of plain carbon steel pipes (Schedule 40) made of ASTM A 106 or A 53 (ERW or seamless). The supply and return lines were made of the same materials. The fittings were mechanically threaded assemblies. Temperatures ranged from 150 to 155 deg F (65.6 to 68.3 deg C). Leaks in the system had reportedly initiated immediately after the building had been placed in service. The cause of corrosion inside the steel pipes was attributed to tuberculation caused by oxygen concentration cells and oxygen-pitting related corrosion. Both types of corrosion are due to the poor quality of the water and the lack of corrosion control in the water system.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
.... Boiler tubes Chealating Feedwater Carbon steel Uniform corrosion The carbon steel tubes shown in Fig. 1 have been corroded to paper thinness, revealing a lacelike pattern of total metal loss. These steel tubes are from a boiler feedwater heater feeding a deaerator. As part of the boiler-water...
Abstract
Carbon steel tubes from a boiler feedwater heater feeding a deaerator were treated to control scale formation, but the treatment instead produced more iron oxide. The additional iron oxide reduced the tubing to a totally corroded condition. Investigation showed that the chelate injected to control the scaling was added ahead of the preheater, where the boiler water still contained oxygen. As the chelate removed iron oxide, the O2 in the water continued to form more. Recommendations included moving the chelate addition to a point after the deaerator to stop the corrosion.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract This paper deals with disk drive failures that occur in the interface area between the head and disk. The failures often lead to the loss of stored data and are characterized by circumferential microscratches that are usually visible to the unaided eye. The recording media in disk...
Abstract
This paper deals with disk drive failures that occur in the interface area between the head and disk. The failures often lead to the loss of stored data and are characterized by circumferential microscratches that are usually visible to the unaided eye. The recording media in disk drives consists of a metal, glass, ceramic, or plastic substrate coated with a magnetic material. Data errors are classified as ‘soft’ or ‘hard’ depending on their correctability. Examination has shown that hard errors are the result of an abrasive wear process that begins with contact between head and disk asperities. The contact generates debris that, as it accumulates, increases contact pressure between the read-write head and the surface of the disk. Under sufficient pressure, the magnetic coating material begins wearing away, resulting in data loss.
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