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in Failure Analysis of a Large Blender in a Chemical Plant
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Drawing of a blender typical of the one involved in the accident, showing the approximate size and mounting configuration. The blender involved in the accident had a working capacity of about 3.5 m 3 and an actual volume near 5.7 m 3 (125 ft 3 working capacity; 200 ft 3 actual
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in Materials Selection for Failure Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 1 Interrelated factors involved in the design process. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 43 Incomplete fusion in a pulsed gas metal arc spot weld involving ERNiCu-7 (Monel 60), 0.89 mm (0.035 in.) diameter filler metal, copper-nickel to steel weldment. Etchant, 50% nitric-50% acetic acid. (a) View showing IF flaw. 30×. (b) View showing that IF was eliminated by tapering
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Galvanic attack at a water pipe joint involving dissimilar metals
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Examination of a damaged component involves a chain of activities that, first and foremost, requires good observation and documentation. Following receipt and documentation, the features of damage can be recorded and their cause(s) investigated, as this article briefly describes...
Abstract
Examination of a damaged component involves a chain of activities that, first and foremost, requires good observation and documentation. Following receipt and documentation, the features of damage can be recorded and their cause(s) investigated, as this article briefly describes, for typical types of damage experienced for metallic components. This article discusses the processes involved in visual or macroscopic examination of damaged material; the interpretation of fracture features, corrosion, and wear damage features; and the analysis of base material composition. It covers the processes involved in the selection of metallurgical samples, the preparation and examination of metallographic specimens in failure analysis, and the analysis and interpretation of microstructures. Examination and evaluation of polymers and ceramic materials in failure analysis are also briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0006398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract Inspections and microstructural analysis revealed intergranular corrosion of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy aircraft fuel line beneath ferrules. The cause of the corrosion was traced to the fuel line marking process, which involved electrolytic labeling. Although subsequent rinsing of the fuel...
Abstract
Inspections and microstructural analysis revealed intergranular corrosion of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy aircraft fuel line beneath ferrules. The cause of the corrosion was traced to the fuel line marking process, which involved electrolytic labeling. Although subsequent rinsing of the fuel lines washed off most of the electrolyte, some was trapped between the 6061-T6 tubing and the ferrule. This condition made intergranular corrosion of the fuel lines inevitable. The attack caused grains to become dislodged, giving the appearance of pitting. Corrosion penetrated approximately 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) into the tubing. Experiments indicated that the corrosion products were inactive. It was recommended that another marking process be used that does not involve corrosive materials. The prevention of electrolyte from being trapped between the tubing and ferrules by using a MIL-S-8802 sealant was recommended.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... cracking was revealed by microscopic examination of a cross section through the tube wall at the fracture. It was concluded that the rupture occurred because of hydrogen damage involving the formation of methane by the reaction of dissolved hydrogen with carbon in the steel. Hydrogen was produced...
Abstract
A 75 mm OD x 7.4 mm wall thickness carbon steel boiler tube ruptured. A substantial degree of corrosion on the water-side surface leaving a rough area in the immediate vicinity of the rupture was revealed by visual examination. Decarburization and extensive discontinuous intergranular cracking was revealed by microscopic examination of a cross section through the tube wall at the fracture. It was concluded that the rupture occurred because of hydrogen damage involving the formation of methane by the reaction of dissolved hydrogen with carbon in the steel. Hydrogen was produced by the chemical reaction that corroded the internal tube surface. Steel embrittled by hydrogen can be restored only if grain boundary cracking or decarburization had not occurred but since the material embrittled in this manner, its replacement was recommended.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006756
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract The principal task of a failure analyst during a physical-cause investigation is to identify the sequence of events involved in the failure. Technical skills and tools are required for such identification, but the analyst also needs a mental organizational framework that helps evaluate...
Abstract
The principal task of a failure analyst during a physical-cause investigation is to identify the sequence of events involved in the failure. Technical skills and tools are required for such identification, but the analyst also needs a mental organizational framework that helps evaluate the significance of observations. This article discusses the processes involved in the characterization and identification of damage and damage mechanisms. It describes the relationships between damage causes, mechanisms, and modes with examples. In addition, some of the more prevalent and encompassing characterization approaches and categorization methods of damage mechanism are also covered.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001514
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... Abstract A front-wheel drive hatchback automobile was involved in a severe front end impact. Failure analysis of the automobile revealed only a single sound spot weld in each of two 66 cm (26 in.) sections of both upper and lower floor sill flanges. Consequently, upon impact, the floor pan...
Abstract
A front-wheel drive hatchback automobile was involved in a severe front end impact. Failure analysis of the automobile revealed only a single sound spot weld in each of two 66 cm (26 in.) sections of both upper and lower floor sill flanges. Consequently, upon impact, the floor pan separated from the rocker panel, buckled and rotated upward and forward. This introduced slack in the seat belts since their retractors, being anchored to the floor pan, also rotated forward. Although not contributory to the accident itself, the faulty welds were responsible in part for the severity of the injuries sustained by the driver. The faulty welds in the unit body were apparently a consequence of improper settings of parameters on a multihead electrical resistance spot welding machine. Lack of appreciation of the hazard associated with failure of this weldment may have contributed to the low frequency of their physical inspection during production. A similar case involving faulty welds in a fuel delivery truck is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001744
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract Two examples involved brittle fracture promoted by small fatigue cracks owing to welding deficiencies. Other parts involving inadequate welding were a ski-wheel axle flange, ski fitting (brackets), and undercarriage shock strut stub assembly. In an attach fitting for an engine mount...
Abstract
Two examples involved brittle fracture promoted by small fatigue cracks owing to welding deficiencies. Other parts involving inadequate welding were a ski-wheel axle flange, ski fitting (brackets), and undercarriage shock strut stub assembly. In an attach fitting for an engine mount, weld cracks (severe stress concentrations) formed during repair welding. Cracks were severely oxidized. The main cause was incorrect repair and inadequate inspection of the fitting. In a cast CrNi alloy ski wheel axle, brittle fatigue failure emanated from welding cracks (notches). These welding cracks formed during the fabrication of the axle mounting plate. So-called all-purpose electrodes were used. Thus, the main cause for failure was a manufacturing deficiency-fatigue failure developed because of improper welding during fabrication of the axle. The proper electrode should have been used.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... Abstract This case study involves two continuously cast steel crankshaft failures. Three parties performed their own failure analyses: (1) the engine manufacturer responsible for component design, specification, and application; (2) the steel supplier and forging supplier responsible for making...
Abstract
This case study involves two continuously cast steel crankshaft failures. Three parties performed their own failure analyses: (1) the engine manufacturer responsible for component design, specification, and application; (2) the steel supplier and forging supplier responsible for making the steel, forging the shape, and preliminary heat treatment; and (3) a supplier that provided induction hardening, finish machining, and inspection. An independent engineering firm was subsequently involved, but because each party had its own agenda, there was no agreement on the metallurgical source of the failure and thus no continued analysis to pin down and eliminate the root cause.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... Abstract Three examples of corrosion-fatigue cracking from the toes of substantial fillet welds applied to seal-leaking riveted seams in steam accumulators are described. In the first case, this practice resulted in a disastrous explosion; in the second, which involved two identical vessels...
Abstract
Three examples of corrosion-fatigue cracking from the toes of substantial fillet welds applied to seal-leaking riveted seams in steam accumulators are described. In the first case, this practice resulted in a disastrous explosion; in the second, which involved two identical vessels at the same location, cracking in course of development was discovered during internal inspection. Microscope examination of several specimens cut to intersect a crack showed it to be typical of corrosion-fatigue; it was in the form of a broad fissure, contained oxide deposits, and the termination was blunt-ended. The two cases not only serve to illustrate the danger of applying fillet welds to seal the lap edges of riveted seams, but point to the inadvisability of employing riveted construction for vessels intended for service under conditions involving frequent pressure and thermal fluctuations, as it is extremely difficult to maintain the tightness of riveted seams under these conditions. Such vessels are now almost exclusively of all-welded construction
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003526
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... applications in piping and pressure vessel analysis, impact analysis, and microelectronics. The article describes the steps involved in the design process using the FEA. It concludes with two case histories that involve the use of FEA in failure analysis. failure analysis finite element analysis impact...
Abstract
This article provides information on the development of finite element analysis (FEA) and describes the general-purpose applications of FEA software programs in structural and thermal, static and transient, and linear and nonlinear analyses. It discusses special-purpose finite element applications in piping and pressure vessel analysis, impact analysis, and microelectronics. The article describes the steps involved in the design process using the FEA. It concludes with two case histories that involve the use of FEA in failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating...
Abstract
This article illustrates the use of the American Petroleum Institute (API) 579-1/ASME FFS-1 fitness-for-service (FFS) code (2020) to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals facility. In the first two cases, remaining life is assessed by determining the minimum thickness required to operate the corroded equipment. The first is based on a Level 2 FFS assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating crack-like flaws using the failure assessment diagram. Need for caution in predicting remaining life due to corrosion is also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006807
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... temperatures. The article describes the stages of the creep curve, discusses processes involved in the extrapolation of creep data, and summarizes notable creep constitutive models and continuum damage mechanics models. It demonstrates the effects of stress relaxation and redistribution on the remaining life...
Abstract
This article provides some new developments in elevated-temperature and life assessments. It is aimed at providing an overview of the damage mechanisms of concern, with a focus on creep, and the methodologies for design and in-service assessment of components operating at elevated temperatures. The article describes the stages of the creep curve, discusses processes involved in the extrapolation of creep data, and summarizes notable creep constitutive models and continuum damage mechanics models. It demonstrates the effects of stress relaxation and redistribution on the remaining life and discusses the Monkman-Grant relationship and multiaxiality. The article further provides information on high-temperature metallurgical changes and high-temperature hydrogen attack and the steps involved in the remaining-life prediction of high-temperature components. It presents case studies on heater tube creep testing and remaining-life assessment, and pressure vessel time-dependent stress analysis showing the effect of stress relaxation at hot spots.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of wear and then refine these in terms of specific operational features. The term abrasive wear is used to describe situations where the principal cause of the wear is scratching or cutting by abrasive particles. The term nonabrasive wear is used to describe all other wear situations involving contact...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001674
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... and how to prevent it. Description The component involved is an explosive detonator made by Mound for various weapons applications. A drawing simulating the component configuration and describing the materials involved is shown in Figure 1 . The primary explosive involved is pentaerythritol...
Abstract
Accelerated aging tests on detonator assemblies, to verify the compatibility of gold bridgewire and Pd-In-Sn solder with the intended explosives, revealed an unusual form of corrosion. The tests, conducted at 74 deg C (165 deg F) and 54 deg C (130 deg F), indicated a preferential attack of the gold. To investigate the problem, a matrix of test units was produced and analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy, EDX analysis, and x-ray diffraction techniques were used to determine the extent of the corrosion and identify the corrosion products. The results indicated that the preferential attack of the gold was due to HCN formed by decomposition of the explosive powder at high temperatures. Other associated reactions were also observed including the subsequent attack of the solder by the gold corrosion product and degradation of the plastic header.
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in Corrosion of Gold Bridgewire in Electronic Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Sketch of a detonator component illustrating the configuration of the materials involved.
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in Corrosion of Gold Bridgewire in Electronic Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Photomacrograph showing the relative size of the detonator header assemblies involved.
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in Failure Analysis of Gears and Reducers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 33 Isolated damage on this gear led to the suspicion that a manufacturing error was involved.
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