Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
Search Results for
induction coils
Update search
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
NARROW
Format
Topics
Book Series
Date
Availability
1-20 of 40 Search Results for
induction coils
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
1
Sort by
Image
in Failure Analysis of Cracks Formed at Extrados of Bend Pipe of API 5L X65M Grade
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... cumulative service at elevated temperature. A recommendation was made to implement a support for the conical section of the CIM and to increase the wall thickness of the drain tube. Thus, the possibility of drain tube misalignment in the induction coils and localized over heating will be minimized...
Abstract
The metallurgical condition of a cylindrical induction melter (CIM) vessel was evaluated after approximately 375 h of operation over a two-year span at temperatures between 1400 to 1500 deg C. Wall thinning and significant grain growth was observed in the lower portion of the conical section and the drain tube. No through-wall penetrations were found in the cylindrical and conical sections of the CIM vessel and only one leak site was identified in the drain tube. Failure of the drain tube was associated with localized overheating and creep. The observed degradation resulted from cumulative service at elevated temperature. A recommendation was made to implement a support for the conical section of the CIM and to increase the wall thickness of the drain tube. Thus, the possibility of drain tube misalignment in the induction coils and localized over heating will be minimized. In addition, the use of grain stabilized Pt/Rh alloy should be evaluated as a method to prevent grain growth.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
.../Copper Alloys There are three prominent possibilities of copper entrapment in steel, plates, and pipe manufacturing as shown in Fig. 5 : Copper molds used during continuous casting stage During pipe manufacturing at JCOE Induction coil used in hot induction bending (HIB) Fig. 5...
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to determine why 16 out of 139 pipe bends cracked during hot induction bending. The pipe conformed to API 5L X65 PSL2 line pipe standards and measured 1016 mm (40 in.) in diam with a wall thickness of 18.5 mm. A metallurgical cross section was removed along a crack on the extrados to document the crack morphology using optical microscopy. In addition to cracking, golden-yellow streaks were visible at the extrados, and the composition was examined using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Based on the results, investigators concluded the pipe was contaminated with copper at the mill were it was produced.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... was activated by a nonfunctioning induction hardening coil that did not or was not allowed to harden the midprofile of several teeth. Hardness Induction hardening Mining Motor trucks Spur gears 4147H UNS H41470 Heat treating-related failures Spalling wear A portion of two large spur tooth...
Abstract
A portion of two large spur tooth bull gears made from 4147H Cr-Mo alloy steel that had spalling teeth was submitted for evaluation. The gears were taken from a final drive wheel reduction unit of a very large open-pit mining truck. The parts had met the material and initial heat treat hardening specifications. The mode of failure was tooth profile spalling. By definition, spalling originates at a case/core interface or at the juncture of a hardened/nonhardened area. The cause of this failure was either insufficient or no induction-hardened case along the active profile. The cause was activated by a nonfunctioning induction hardening coil that did not or was not allowed to harden the midprofile of several teeth.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091690
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... using copper alloy C23000 (red brass, 85Cu-15Zn), began subjecting the crimped ferrules to a stress-relief anneal using an induction coil, and made long-range plans to change to plated steel ferrules. ...
Abstract
A substantial number of copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65Cu-35Zn) ferrules for electrical fuses cracked while in storage and while in service in paper mills and other chemical processing plants. The ferrules, made by three different manufacturers, were of several sizes. One commonly used ferrule was 3.5 cm long by 7.5 cm in diam and was drawn from 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) thick strip. Investigation (visual inspection, metallographic examination, and a mercurous nitrate test, which is an accelerated test used to detect residual stress in copper and copper alloys) of both ferrules from fuses in service and storage in different types of plants, and ferrules from newly manufactured fuses, supported the conclusion that the ferrules failed by SCC resulting from residual stresses induced during forming and the ambient atmospheres in the chemical plants. The atmosphere in the paper mills was the most detrimental, and the higher incidence of cracking of ferrules there was apparently related to a higher concentration of ammonia in conjunction with high humidity. Recommendations included specifying that the fuses meet the requirements of ASTM B 154.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0047392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... induction coil was used to encompass the region of the weld and the adjacent hardened HAZ, thus avoiding the need to dismantle the arm, which would have been required for furnace heat treatment. As a result of tempering, there were no additional failures. Analysis of these castings revealed...
Abstract
A roadarm for a tracked vehicle failed during preproduction vehicle testing. The arm was a weldment of two cored low-alloy steel sand castings specified to ASTM A 148, grade 120–95. A maximum carbon content of 0.32% was specified. The welding procedure called for degreasing and gas metal arc welding; neither preheating nor postheating was specified. The filler metal was E70S-6 continuous consumable wire with a copper coating to protect it from atmospheric oxidation while on the reel. Analysis of the two castings revealed that the carbon content was higher than specified, ranging from 0.40 to 0.44%. The fracture occurred in the HAZ , where quenching by the surrounding metal had produced a hardness of 55 HRC. Some roadarms of similar carbon content and welded by the same procedure had not failed because they had been tempered during a hot-straightening operation. Brittle fracture of the roadarm was caused by a combination of too high a carbon equivalent in the castings and the lack of preheating and postheating during the welding procedure. A pre-heat and tempering after welding were added to the welding procedure.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... or an induction coil, at temperatures well below the melting point of the alloy. In austenitic stainless steels, the melting of these grain boundary films can start at temperatures as low as 900 °C [ 4 ]. Materials Testing Results Chemical Composition The chemical composition of the investigated steel...
Abstract
Stainless steel pipe (273-mm OD x 8-mm wall thickness) used in the fabrication of large manifolds developed crack-like decohesions during a routine inductive bending procedure. The imperfections, which were found near the outside diameter, were around 3 mm in length oriented in the circumferential direction and penetrated nearly 2 mm into the pipe wall. The pipes were made of titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2. Six hypotheses were considered during the investigation, which ultimately concluded that the failure was caused by liquation cracking due to overheating.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... if the temperature of the blank is below about 1149 °C (2100 °F). Such blanks are also set aside, but can be re-inserted into the heating line after cooling. This forging was made in two steps. After the blank left the induction coil, it dropped through a chute and an operator placed it in a hammer forge...
Abstract
To forged AISI 4140 steel trailer kingpins fractured after 4 to 6 months of service. Fractographic and metallographic examination revealed that cracks were present in the spool-flange shoulder region of the defective kingpins prior to installation on the trailers. The cracks grew and coalesced during service. Consideration of the manufacturing process suggested that the cracks were the result of overheating of the kingpin blanks prior to forging, which was exacerbated during forging by deformation heating in the highly-strained region. This view was supported by results of two types of tensile tests conducted near the incipient melting temperature at the grain boundaries. All kingpins made by the supplier of the fractured ones were ultrasonically inspected and six more anticipated to fail were found. It was recommended that the heating of forging blanks be more carefully controlled, especially with respect to the accuracy of the optical pyrometer temperature readout. Also, procedures must be developed such that forging blanks that trigger the over-temperature alarm are reliably and permanently removed from the production line.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... strips caused the steel to be rejected. An FFT analyzer was set up to determine the frequency of the sound, the vibration frequency of the induction furnace, and the frequency of the current being supplied to the induction coils. In all three cases the frequency was 7250 cycles/s. Since the plate...
Abstract
Vibration analysis can be used in solving both rotating and nonrotating equipment problems. This paper presents case histories that, over a span of approximately 25 years, used vibration analysis to troubleshoot a wide range of problems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... that establishes an electromagnetic field around the coil. This primary field causes eddy currents to flow in the part as a result of electromagnetic induction. The eddy currents are affected by all characteristics (conductivity, permeability, thickness, flaws, and geometry) of the part. Fig. 8 General...
Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... monolayers of atoms can quickly result, producing a conductive layer across the entire surface of the sample. The heating is usually achieved in a wire filament by passing an electric current through it or, in a small metal sample, by using a levitation induction coil. Carbon evaporation is also possible...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and vacuum system. It discusses the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM and describes the application of SEM in fractography. If the surface remains unaffected and undamaged by events subsequent to the actual failure, it is often a simple matter to determine the failure mode by the use of an SEM. In cases where the surface is altered after the initial failure, the case may not be so straightforward. The article presents typical examples that illustrate these points. Image dependence on the microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... achieved in a wire filament by passing an electric current through it or, in a small metal sample, by using a levitation induction coil. Carbon evaporation is also possible using a slightly modified process. In this instance, a carbon filament is placed between two electrodes in the vacuum chamber...
Abstract
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microscopic features of most solid materials. The SEM provides the user with an unparalleled ability to observe and quantify the surface of a sample. This article discusses the development of SEM technology and operating principles of basic systems of SEM. The basic systems covered include the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and the vacuum system. The processes involved in the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM are described, and the application of SEM in fractography is discussed. The article covers the failure mechanisms of ductile failure, brittle failure, mixed-mode failure, and fatigue failure. Lastly, image dependence on microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001595
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... occurred via hydrogen embrittlement during a nickel plating process after quenching, tempering, and coiling. The spring had a lower than average calculated D I of 96.5 mm (3.8 in.) with a grain size of 7, but it had an elevated surface hardness because the carbon content was at the high-end...
Abstract
Hardenability evaluation is typically applied to heat treatment process control, but can also augment standard metallurgical failure analysis techniques for steel components. A comprehensive understanding of steel hardenability is an essential complement to the skills of the metallurgical failure analyst. The empirical information supplied by hardenability analysis can provide additional processing and service insight to the investigator. The intent of this paper is to describe some applications of steel thermal response concepts in failure analysis, and several case studies are included to illustrate these applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... heating are common causes of problems in induction hardening. Many times, a component is overheated on the surface while trying to increase the depth of the heat-affected area. Other reasons are coils that are not shaped for the specific component or a wrong setup of the induction equipment. Figure 11...
Abstract
This article introduces some of the general sources of heat treating problems with particular emphasis on problems caused by the actual heat treating process and the significant thermal and transformation stresses within a heat treated part. It addresses the design and material factors that cause a part to fail during heat treatment. The article discusses the problems associated with heating and furnaces, quenching media, quenching stresses, hardenability, tempering, carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitriding as well as potential stainless steel problems and problems associated with nonferrous heat treatments. The processes involved in cold working of certain ferrous and nonferrous alloys are also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... used for such applications. Materials for Miscellaneous Lifting Equipment Lifting booms, coil hooks, lugs and rings, boxes and containers, trunnions, and miscellaneous attachments are generally made of either normalized or quenched-and-tempered fully killed fine-grained steels. For equipment...
Abstract
The types of metal components used in lifting equipment include gears, shafts, drums and sheaves, brakes, brake wheels, couplings, bearings, wheels, electrical switchgear, chains, wire rope, and hooks. This article primarily deals with many of these metal components of lifting equipment in three categories: cranes and bridges, attachments used for direct lifting, and built-in members of lifting equipment. It first reviews the mechanisms, origins, and investigation of failures. Then the article describes the materials used for lifting equipment, followed by a section explaining the failure analysis of wire ropes and the failure of wire ropes due to corrosion, a common cause of wire-rope failure. Further, it reviews the characteristics of shock loading, abrasive wear, and stress-corrosion cracking of a wire rope. Then, the article provides information on the failure analysis of chains, hooks, shafts, and cranes and related members.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., and the impact device rebounds away from the test surface according to the hardness and elasticity of the material. An electronic induction coil measures the velocity of the impact device before and after it contacts the sample. The portable nature of these testers allows for fast, reliable hardness testing...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... relief, induction hardening, service temperature, thermal strains, etc.) X-Ray Diffraction Theory and Residual Stress Measurement The XRD technique uses the distance between crystallographic planes, that is, d -spacing, as a strain gage. This method can only be applied to crystalline...
Abstract
This article focuses primarily on what an analyst should know about applying X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurement techniques to failure analysis. Discussions are extended to the description of ways in which XRD can be applied to the characterization of residual stresses in a component or assembly. The article describes the steps required to calibrate instrumentation and to validate stress measurement results. It presents a practical approach to sample selection and specimen preparation, measurement location selection, and measurement depth selection, as well as an outline on measurement validation. The article also provides information on stress-corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue. The importance of residual stress in fatigue is described with examples. The article explains the effects of heat treatment and manufacturing processes on residual stress. It concludes with a section on the XRD stress measurements in multiphase materials and composites and in locations of stress concentration.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006768
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... corrosion) Experience cyclic loading in service (mechanical or thermal fatigue) May have been subject to improper processing on manufacture (shot peening, grinding, milling, etc.) May have been subject to inappropriate heat treatment (stress relief, induction hardening, service temperature, thermal...
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual-stress analysis is an essential tool for failure analysis. This article focuses primarily on what the analyst should know about applying XRD residual-stress measurement techniques to failure analysis. Discussions are extended to the description of ways in which XRD can be applied to the characterization of residual stresses in a component or assembly and to the subsequent evaluation of corrective actions that alter the residual-stress state of a component for the purposes of preventing, minimizing, or eradicating the contribution of residual stress to premature failures. The article presents a practical approach to sample selection and specimen preparation, measurement location selection, and measurement depth selection; measurement validation is outlined as well. A number of case studies and examples are cited. The article also briefly summarizes the theory of XRD analysis and describes advances in equipment capability.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., atypical rupture of a rupture disc. (b) SEM fractograph of a failed rupture disc, showing intergranular crack propagation. 554×. Source: Ref 11 Carbon or Alloy Steel and Tin Spacecraft separation springs were cold coiled from 13 mm (0.5 in.) 9254 alloy steel high-strength rod ( Ref 12...
Abstract
Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either liquid or solid form. This article summarizes the characteristics of solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) and liquid metal induced embrittlement (LMIE). It describes the unique features that assist in arriving at a clear conclusion whether SMIE or LMIE is the most probable cause of the problem. The article briefly reviews some commercial alloy systems where LMIE or SMIE has been documented. It also provides some examples of cracking due to these phenomena, either in manufacturing or in service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... similar to (b) at higher magnification. (a, b) Original magnification: 554×. (c) Original magnification: 1953×. Source: Ref 11 Carbon or Alloy Steel and Tin Spacecraft separation springs were cold coiled from 13 mm (0.5 in.) 9254 alloy steel high-strength rod ( Ref 12 ). The springs were...
Abstract
Metal-induced embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the ductility or the fracture stress of a solid metal is reduced by surface contact with another metal in either the liquid or solid form. This article summarizes some of the characteristics of liquid-metal- and solid-metal-induced embrittlement. This phenomenon shares many of these characteristics with other modes of environmentally induced cracking, such as hydrogen embrittlement and stress-corrosion cracking. The discussion covers the occurrence, failure analysis, and service failures of the embrittlement. The article also briefly reviews some commercial alloy systems in which liquid-metal-induced embrittlement or solid-metal-induced embrittlement has been documented and describes some examples of cracking due to these phenomena, either in manufacturing or in service.
1