Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
Search Results for
hydrogen embrittlement
Update search
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
NARROW
Format
Topics
Book Series
Date
Availability
1-20 of 269 Search Results for
hydrogen embrittlement
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
1
Sort by
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c9001519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... suspicion of hydrogen embrittlement. It appeared that fracture in service progressed transgranularly to produce delayed failure under dynamic loading. The pickling process used to remove heat scale was suspected to be the source of hydrogen on the surface of the bolt. The manufacturer was requested...
Abstract
An AISI 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel draw-in bolt and the collet from a vertical-spindle milling machine broke during routine cutting of blind recesses after relatively long service life. Based on fracture surface features, it was suspected that the draw-in bolt was the first to fracture, followed by failure of the collet, which shattered one of its arms when it struck the work table. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of hairline crack indications along grain facets on the fracture surface of the bolt. This, coupled with stepwise cracking in the material, generally raised suspicion of hydrogen embrittlement. It appeared that fracture in service progressed transgranularly to produce delayed failure under dynamic loading. The pickling process used to remove heat scale was suspected to be the source of hydrogen on the surface of the bolt. The manufacturer was requested to change its cleaning practice from pickling to grit blasting.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c0048830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... of hydrogen into the metal in the cracked region. The resultant embrittlement and associated fissuring was established to have caused the failure. The hydrogen was diffused out by wrapping the vessel in asbestos and heating followed by cooling as prescribed by ASME code. Hydrogen reformers Pressure...
Abstract
A vessel made of ASTM A204, grade C, molybdenum alloy steel and used as a hydrogen reformer was found to have cracked in the weld between the shell and the lower head. Six samples from different sections were investigated. The crack was found to be initiated at the edge of the weld in the coarsegrain portion of the HAZ. The microstructure was found to be severely embrittled and severely gassed in an area around the crack. The microstructure of the metal in the head was revealed to be banded and contained spheroidal carbides. The lower head was established by hardness values and microscopic examination to have been overheated for a sufficiently long time to reduce the tensile strength below the minimum required for the steel. It was interpreted that the wide difference in tensile strength between head and weld metal (including HAZ) formed a metallurgical notch that enhanced the diffusion of hydrogen into the metal in the cracked region. The resultant embrittlement and associated fissuring was established to have caused the failure. The hydrogen was diffused out by wrapping the vessel in asbestos and heating followed by cooling as prescribed by ASME code.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0091036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... screws and two unused, exemplar fasteners from the same lot supported the conclusion that the cap screws appear to have failed due to hydrogen embrittlement, as revealed by delayed cracking and intergranular fracture morphology. Static brittle overload fracture occurred due to the tension preload...
Abstract
Socket head cap screws used in a naval application were failing in service due to delayed fracture. The standard ASTM A 574 screws were zinc plated and dichromate coated. Investigation (visual inspection, 1187 SEM images, chemical analysis, and tension testing) of both the failed screws and two unused, exemplar fasteners from the same lot supported the conclusion that the cap screws appear to have failed due to hydrogen embrittlement, as revealed by delayed cracking and intergranular fracture morphology. Static brittle overload fracture occurred due to the tension preload, and prior hydrogen charging that occurred during manufacturing. The probable source of charging was the electroplating, although postplating baking was reportedly performed as well. Recommendations included examining the manufacturing process in detail.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0048630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... hydrogen embrittlement. The bolts broke at the junction of the head and shank. The nuts were, theoretically, installed fingertight. The failure was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement that had not been satisfactorily alleviated by subsequent baking. The presence of burrs on the threads prevented assembly...
Abstract
Two clevis-head self-retaining bolts used in the throttle-control linkage of a naval aircraft failed on the aircraft assembly line. Specifications required the bolts to be heat treated to a hardness of 39 to 45 HRC, followed by cleaning, cadmium electroplating, and baking to minimize hydrogen embrittlement. The bolts broke at the junction of the head and shank. The nuts were, theoretically, installed fingertight. The failure was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement that had not been satisfactorily alleviated by subsequent baking. The presence of burrs on the threads prevented assembly to finger-tightness, and the consequent wrench torquing caused the actual fractures. The very small radius of the fillet between the bolt head and the shank undoubtedly accentuated the embrittling effect of the hydrogen. To prevent reoccurrence, the cleaning and cadmium-plating procedures were stipulated to be low-hydrogen in nature, and an adequate post plating baking treatment at 205 deg C (400 deg F), in conformity with ASTM B 242, was specified. A minimum radius for the head-to-shank fillet was specified at 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). All threads were required to be free of burrs. A 10-day sustained-load test was specified for a sample quantity of bolts from each lot.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001746
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... was inadequate procedure, which resulted in bending moments being applied to the bolt threads. Acid pickling Bolts Cadmium plating Landing gear Torque 4340 UNS G43400 Surface treatment related failures Hydrogen damage and embrittlement Fig. 1 shows a failed beam from a landing gear...
Abstract
Brittle intergranular fracture, typical of a hydrogen-induced delayed failure, caused the failure of an AISI 4340 Cr-Mo-Ni landing gear beam. Corrosion resulting from protective coating damage released nascent hydrogen, which diffused into the steel under the influence of sustained tensile stresses. A second factor was a cluster of non-metallic inclusions which had ‘tributary’ cracks starting from them. Also, eyebolts broke when used to lift a light aircraft (about 7000 lb.). The bolt failure was a brittle intergranular fracture, very likely due to a hydrogen-induced delayed failure mechanism. As for the factors involved, cadmium plating, acid pickling, and steelmaking processes introduce hydrogen on part surfaces. As a second contributing factor, both bolts were 10 Rc points higher in hardness than specified (25 Rc), lessening ductility and notch toughness. A third factor was inadequate procedure, which resulted in bending moments being applied to the bolt threads.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001494
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Diode leads that were to be made from OFHC copper were instead made from copper with high oxygen content. The leads had a nickel underplating, a gold final plating, and were brazed to the diode package in a hydrogen atmosphere. After brazing, the leads became embrittled. SEM...
Abstract
Diode leads that were to be made from OFHC copper were instead made from copper with high oxygen content. The leads had a nickel underplating, a gold final plating, and were brazed to the diode package in a hydrogen atmosphere. After brazing, the leads became embrittled. SEM examination of the fractured leads revealed voids and some oxidized areas surrounded by ductile fracture areas. High pressure steam pockets observed as voids in the microstructure caused hydrogen embrittlement of the leads. The obvious corrective action was to ensure that the lead material was OFHC copper.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Forgings Rings 4140 UNS G41400 Intergranular fracture Hydrogen damage and embrittlement Fracture of a cadmium-plated accumulator ring forged from 4140 steel was discovered during inspection and disassembly of a hydraulic-accumulator system stored at a depot. The ring had broken into five small...
Abstract
Fracture of a cadmium-plated accumulator ring forged from 4140 steel was discovered during inspection and disassembly of a hydraulic-accumulator system stored at a depot. The ring had broken into five small and two large segments. The small segments of the broken ring displayed very flat fracture surfaces with no apparent yielding, but the two large segments did show evidence of bending (yielding) near the fractures. In addition, some segments contained fine radial cracks. Analysis (visual inspection, optical microscopy on polished-and-etched specimens, hardness testing, and chemical analysis) supported the conclusion that the failure was caused due to brittle fatigue, as evidenced by the intergranular nature of the fracture path. Also, hydrogen penetration occurred during the plating operation and was not relieved subsequently as required.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Hydrogen embrittlement is the brittleness affecting copper and copper alloys containing oxygen which develops during heat treatment at temperatures of about 400 deg C (752 deg F) and above in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement of copper and its...
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement is the brittleness affecting copper and copper alloys containing oxygen which develops during heat treatment at temperatures of about 400 deg C (752 deg F) and above in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement of copper and its alloys is illustrated by examples from practice and reference is made to data from recent publications on the subject. Embrittlement due to this cause can only be identified by microscopic examination because other modes of failure in copper; e.g., from heat cracking, mechanical overload, the formation of low melting point eutectics or corrosion; show a similar appearance when investigated on a macroscopic scale.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0007736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
..., and chloride was detected in some of the pits. The test also revealed an initial crack that was probably caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Since no chloride was detected on the fracture surface, and none was detected in the overlying concrete, the corrosion appears to have begun prior to the wires' placement...
Abstract
Single 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) post-tensioning wires failed in a parking garage in the southern portion of the United States. Several failed wires were removed and the lengths were examined for signs of corrosion using SEM metallography. The scans showed localized shallow pitting, and chloride was detected in some of the pits. The test also revealed an initial crack that was probably caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Since no chloride was detected on the fracture surface, and none was detected in the overlying concrete, the corrosion appears to have begun prior to the wires' placement in the concrete.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048626
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... (180 to 200 ksi) with a hardness of 39 to 43 HRC, followed by cadmium plating. The bolt that failed and several that did not were examined. It was found that failure of the bolts was the result of time-dependent hydrogen embrittlement. Had the remaining bolts been torqued to the normal stress levels...
Abstract
Cadmium-plated high-strength steel bolts were used to facilitate quick disassembly of a vehicle. One bolt was found fractured across the root of a thread after being torqued in place for one week. The bolts were made of 8735 steel heat treated to a tensile strength of 1241 to 1379 MPa (180 to 200 ksi) with a hardness of 39 to 43 HRC, followed by cadmium plating. The bolt that failed and several that did not were examined. It was found that failure of the bolts was the result of time-dependent hydrogen embrittlement. Had the remaining bolts been torqued to the normal stress levels, all would have failed within two weeks. The bolts were baked, as specified by ASTM B 242, at 205 deg C (400 deg F) for 30 min. No further failures occurred. Baking for 30 min is the minimum baking time; however, baking times up to 24 h are recommended for greater safety.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0048634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
..., indicating hydrogen embrittlement. An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of hydrogen embrittlement in the various lots of cadmium-plated 8740 steel fasteners. It was found that hydrogen embrittlement was caused by the use of a bright, impervious cadmium electroplate that hindered diffusion...
Abstract
During an inspection of a structure two weeks after assembly, the heads of several cadmium-plated AISI 8740 steel fasteners were found to be completely separated from their respective shanks. SEM examination of the fracture surfaces revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture mode, indicating hydrogen embrittlement. An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of hydrogen embrittlement in the various lots of cadmium-plated 8740 steel fasteners. It was found that hydrogen embrittlement was caused by the use of a bright, impervious cadmium electroplate that hindered diffusion of mobile hydrogen outward from the surface of the pin. After the cadmium layer was removed, the mobile hydrogen contained on the surface of the steel and in the electroplated deposit was released, and the embrittlement problem was alleviated. To prevent reoccurrence, the bright cadmium layer was stripped from the pins, which were then baked and repeated with a dull, porous cadmium layer that allowed outward diffusion of hydrogen. The pins were baked again after deposition of the porous cadmium layer. This eliminated the problem.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0091475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... (visual inspection and 2400x/6600x TEM analysis) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by hydrogen embrittlement, not SCC as might have been suspected. No recommendations were made. Cleavage Fractographs Stress corrosion cracking 431 UNS S43100 Hydrogen damage and embrittlement...
Abstract
A type 431 stainless steel mushroom-head closure fractured in service at a hydrogen pressure of 3000 atm. Fracture occurred at room temperature after miscellaneous chemical service that included exposures to hydrogen at temperatures from ambient to 350 deg C (662 deg F). Investigation (visual inspection and 2400x/6600x TEM analysis) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by hydrogen embrittlement, not SCC as might have been suspected. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... with the work table. SEM fractography and metallographic examinations conducted on the bolt revealed hairline indications along grain facets on the fracture surface and stepwise cracking in the material, both indicating failure by hydrogen embrittlement. Similar draw-in bolts were discarded and replaced...
Abstract
The draw-in bolt and collet from a vertical-spindle milling machine broke during routine cutting of blind recesses after a relatively long service life. The collet ejected at a high rotational speed due to loss of its vertical support and shattered one of its arms upon impact with the work table. SEM fractography and metallographic examinations conducted on the bolt revealed hairline indications along grain facets on the fracture surface and stepwise cracking in the material, both indicating failure by hydrogen embrittlement. Similar draw-in bolts were discarded and replaced with bolts manufactured using controlled processes.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement. Measurement of hydrogen content in the raw material prior to fabrication was recommended. Careful control of acid pickling procedures for descaling of the hot-rolled bars was also deemed necessary. Inclusions Subsurface cracks 38KhA Hydrogen damage...
Abstract
The repeated occurrence of random cracks in the fillet radius portion of low-alloy steel (38KhA) end frame forgings following heat treatment was investigated. Microstructural analyses were carried out on both the failed part and disks of the rolled bar from which the part was made. Subsurface cracks were found to be zigzag and discontinuous as well as intergranular in nature. A mixed mode of fracture involving ductile and brittle flat facets was observed. Micropores and rod-shaped manganese sulfide inclusions were also noted. The material had a hydrogen content of 22 ppm, and cracking was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement. Measurement of hydrogen content in the raw material prior to fabrication was recommended. Careful control of acid pickling procedures for descaling of the hot-rolled bars was also deemed necessary.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... region approximately 25 mm (1 in.) from the end of the coupling. The source of the embrittlement was determined to be hydrogen charging during tin plating. Changes in the plating process were recommended. Casing (material) Gas wells Petroleum engineering Pipe fittings API 5C P-110 API 5C Q-125...
Abstract
Several tin plated, low-alloy steel couplings designed to connect sections of 180 mm (7 in.) diam casing for application in a gas well fractured under normal operating conditions. The couplings were purchased to American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications for P-110 material. Chemical analysis and mechanical testing of the failed couplings showed that they had been manufactured to the API specification for Q-125, more stringent specification than P-110, and met all requirements of the application. Fractographic examination showed that the point of initiation was an embrittled region approximately 25 mm (1 in.) from the end of the coupling. The source of the embrittlement was determined to be hydrogen charging during tin plating. Changes in the plating process were recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... cap screw indicated that the screws had failed by hydrogen embrittlement. The plating process was the likely source of the hydrogen. It was recommended that the remainder of the cap screws from the same lot as the failed screws be baked at approximately 190 deg C (375 deg F) for 24 h. Cadmium...
Abstract
Several cadmium-plated carbon steel socket head cap screws that were part of a slide valve assembly on a regenerator line in a petrochemical plant failed during initial loading. Metallographic and XDS chemical analysis in conjunction with SEM examination of one failed and one unfailed cap screw indicated that the screws had failed by hydrogen embrittlement. The plating process was the likely source of the hydrogen. It was recommended that the remainder of the cap screws from the same lot as the failed screws be baked at approximately 190 deg C (375 deg F) for 24 h.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of hydrogen damage in all the major commercial alloy systems. It covers the broader topic of hydrogen damage, which can be quite complex and technical in nature. The article focuses on failure analysis where hydrogen embrittlement of a steel component is suspected. It provides practical advice for the failure...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a term used to designate a number of processes in metals by which the load-carrying capacity of the metal is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen. This article introduces the general forms of hydrogen damage and provides an overview of the different types of hydrogen damage in all the major commercial alloy systems. It covers the broader topic of hydrogen damage, which can be quite complex and technical in nature. The article focuses on failure analysis where hydrogen embrittlement of a steel component is suspected. It provides practical advice for the failure analysis practitioner or for someone who is contemplating procurement of a cost-effective failure analysis of commodity-grade components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the classification of hydrogen damage. Some specific types of the damage are hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. The article focuses on the types of hydrogen embrittlement that occur in all the major commercial metal and alloy systems, including stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, and transition and refractory metals. The specific types of hydrogen embrittlement discussed include internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen environment embrittlement, and hydrogen reaction embrittlement. The article describes preservice and early-service fractures of commodity-grade steel components suspected of hydrogen embrittlement. Some prevention strategies for design and manufacturing problem-induced hydrogen embrittlement are also reviewed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... test. Both part types were made of 15-5 PH (UNS S15500) precipitation hardening stainless steel. Hydrogen embrittlement cracking was the likely cause of failure for both part types. Cracking of the as-fabricated parts was ultimately prevented by changing the manufacturing procedure to allow...
Abstract
Two types of chromium-plated hydraulic cylinders failed by cracking on their outer surfaces. In one case, the parts had a history of cracking in the nominally unstressed, as-fabricated condition. In another, cracks were detected after the cylinders were subjected to a pressure impulse test. Both part types were made of 15-5 PH (UNS S15500) precipitation hardening stainless steel. Hydrogen embrittlement cracking was the likely cause of failure for both part types. Cracking of the as-fabricated parts was ultimately prevented by changing the manufacturing procedure to allow for a reheat treatment. For parts that cracked after pressure testing, excessive dimensional changes precluded the inclusion of a reheat treatment as a manufacturing step, and further failure was averted by carefully employing proper machining practices, avoiding abusive machining.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 Cadmium-plated AISI 8740 steel nut that failed by hydrogen embrittlement. Failure occurred seven days after installation on an aircraft wing structure. See also Fig. 2. 5×. Courtesy of Lockheed-Georgia Company
More
1