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high-strength low-alloy pipe steel

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
..., investigators concluded the pipe was contaminated with copper at the mill were it was produced. line pipe cracks copper contamination high-strength low-alloy pipe steel copper entrapment SEM backscattered electron analysis bend ductility API 5L X65 PSL2 (high-strength low-alloy steel...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., enters the metal, diffuses to the crack tip region, and causes propagation by hydrogen stress cracking. This mechanism is no doubt involved in the environmental embrittlement of high-hardness, high-strength carbon, alloy, and stainless steels. While each of these mechanisms explains some...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., atypical rupture of a rupture disc. (b) SEM fractograph of a failed rupture disc, showing intergranular crack propagation. 554×. Source: Ref 11 Carbon or Alloy Steel and Tin Spacecraft separation springs were cold coiled from 13 mm (0.5 in.) 9254 alloy steel high-strength rod ( Ref 12...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... and industries that have experienced SCC failures include (this list is not exhaustive): Aerospace: Aluminum alloys in structural aircraft components such as landing gear and wing components, stainless steel tubing used as part of the hydraulic or fuel systems, high-strength low-alloy steel...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... In steels, cracking in the base metal is often attributed to high carbon, alloy content, and relatively thick material. Control of this cracking requires the use of: Low-hydrogen electrodes Low-hydrogen welding practices, such as high preheat Sufficient interpass temperature Greater...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... occurrence in gas turbines, high-temperature exposure of carbon and low-alloy steels used for piping and pressure vessels to high-pressure hydrogen leads to a special form of degradation known as hydrogen attack. In contrast to hydrogen embrittlement, which degrades toughness at low temperatures and imposes...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., or weldments. These defects are caused by the presence of excessive hydrogen in the liquid melt prior to solidification. Microperforation may also occur, mainly when steels are exposed to very high-pressure hydrogen near room temperature. Hydrogen-induced blistering is most prevalent in low-strength alloys...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... These defects are caused by the presence of excessive hydrogen in the liquid melt prior to solidification. Microperforation may also occur, mainly when steels are exposed to very high-pressure hydrogen near room temperature. Hydrogen-induced blistering is most prevalent in low-strength alloys...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... similar to (b) at higher magnification. (a, b) Original magnification: 554×. (c) Original magnification: 1953×. Source: Ref 11 Carbon or Alloy Steel and Tin Spacecraft separation springs were cold coiled from 13 mm (0.5 in.) 9254 alloy steel high-strength rod ( Ref 12 ). The springs were...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... analysis yield strength API 5L-X46 (high-strength low-alloy line pipe steel) Background A metallurgical analysis was performed on a section of a pipeline that leaked while transporting hydrocarbons. The portion of the pipeline containing the failure was composed of API 5L X46 line pipe steel...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the severity of these operations, it is possible to produce tubes with very low residual stresses or with very high residual stresses that are near the yield strength of the metal. Low residual stresses are particularly important when tube materials must have maximum resistance to SCC in service. The residual...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... should reveal whether a stress concentrator might have contributed to failure. The metallographic specimens should disclose the existence of any improper microstructures, such as decarburized layers, carburized skin, alloy segregation, high-strength martensite in the HAZ, and inadequate weld penetration...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... is exposed to hydrogen at high pressures and temperatures. The piping system was completely surveyed to ensure that only the specified metal was used. Replacements were made when the wrong metal was found. Fig. 3 Specimen from a low-carbon steel nipple showing fissuring at grain boundaries (top...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the plate or skelp used to make the pipe. These grades can be used in a variety of applications, and, with certain exceptions, the pipe yield strength is referenced directly in the name. For example, “X-42” pipe steel has an SMYS of 42 ksi, and “X-52” steel has an SMYS...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... steel is made in a furnace normally used to make high-alloy steels. The refractory lining of the furnace may impart sufficient residual chromium and other alloying elements to a heat of low-carbon steel that problems occur when components made from that heat are joined using standard welding procedures...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... between the two may not be necessary anyway. Principal Conditions Required for HC or SCC in High Yield Strength Steel For medium and high strength alloy steels, there is increasing agreement bordering on unanimity, that a hydrogen embrittlement mechanism is involved in the stress corrosion cracking...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... by hardness check or destructive testing, chemical analysis • Loading direction may show failure was secondary • Short-term, high-temperature, high-stress rupture has ductile appearance (see creep) • Load exceeded the dynamic strength of the part • Check for proper alloy and processing as well as proper...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., approximately 20 for a low-alloy steel. Other parametric methods are discussed in the article “Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing” in this Volume and in the article “Assessment and Use of Creep-Rupture Properties” in Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... or no effect. The cases examined show that knowledge is incomplete in regard to graphitization, and the prediction of its occurrence is not yet possible. pressure vessels piping creep deformation cracking high temperatures low alloy steel cracking perforations metallographic analysis...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001711
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... at temperatures ranging between 425 °C and 540 °C. In these conditions, the decomposition of cementite yields graphite, which reduces tensile strength. This effect is a faster strength reduction due to the globulization of carbides. Therefore, steels must include alloying elements with strong carbide-forming...