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high-chromium white irons

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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c0047352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... Abstract Two broken ball-mill liners from a copper-mine ore operation were submitted for failure analysis. These liners failed prematurely, having reached less than 20% of their expected life. The chemical composition of the liners was within specifications for high-chromium white cast iron...
Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Wear surface of a shell liner cast from high-chromium white iron. The chip formation initiates at points of the brittle carbide (Cr 7 C 3 ) fracture. 125x More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... Abstract Several deburring drums that fractured were filled with abrasive, water, and small parts, such as roller bearing rollers, and rotated on their axis at 36 rpm. Cracks were discovered very early in the service lives of these high-chromium white iron cast structures. All of the fractures...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047347
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A high-chromium white cast iron shell liner installed in an ore crusher sustained impact damage in the course of operation. Visual-optical examination revealed horizontal cracks on the surface of the liner along with particles that had fractured off. Metallographic examination...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001623
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
..., aluminum, and oxygen in the nondiscolored region, and these elements are consistent with glass wool. Relatively high levels of chromium and nickel were detected in the discolored area, along with lower amounts of iron, manganese, sodium, calcium, cobalt, and sulfur, in addition to the surrounding glass...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Visual examination of each type of rupture revealed noticeable swelling of the tubes in the area of rupture ( Fig. 1 ). Relatively slight scaling, probably caused by high-temperature oxidation, was visible on fire-side surfaces, and black deposits and white deposits were found on steam-side surfaces...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Sulfur 0.064 Silicon 2.05 Nickel 0.05 Chromium 0.09 Molybdenum 0.03 Copper 0.55 Tin <0.02 Vanadium 0.05 Iron rem This casting had a carbon equivalent of 3.90. The composition of the cracked casting was: Element Composition, % Carbon 3.25...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... in Table 1 . Composition of weld metal Table 1 Composition of weld metal Element Composition, % Section 1, near weld metal surface Section 2, near weld metal surface Proprietary Filler Metal Iron 52 40 1.0 Nickel 35 44 72.0 Chromium 9 11 20.0 Niobium 2 2 2.5...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (10 to 0.01 in.) in diameter, both gouging abrasion and grinding abrasion occur. In high-stress grinding abrasion, the microstructure of the balls and liners influences the wear rate. In unalloyed or low-chromium white iron balls, an Fe 3 C-type carbide (Vickers hardness, of 7.8 to 9.8 GPa or 1130...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006790
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to 0.01 in.) in diameter, both gouging abrasion and grinding abrasion occur. In high-stress grinding abrasion, the microstructure of the balls and liners influences the wear rate. In unalloyed or low-chromium white iron balls, an Fe 3 C-type carbide (Vickers hardness of 7.8 to 9.8 GPa, or 1130 to 1420...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... ore involves grinding, magnetic separation of iron, mixing in additives, pelletizing, and heating the pellets to high temperatures to sinter and harden them (induration). In “acid” pellet production, the additive is bentonite, which serves as a binder to promote green strength. In “fluxed” pellet...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... and microstructure , in ECCC , vol. 6 , no. 1 ( 2005 ) 8. Trindade V. , Christ H.-J. , Krupp U. , Grain-size effects on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of chromium steels . Oxid. Met . 73 , 551 – 563 ( 2010 ) 10.1007/s11085-010-9192-8 9. Quadakkers W.J. , Żurek...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... content or minor acidic attack. Hematite is also a known product of pitting corrosion. The tube samples were obviously torch cut, and the wüstite and metallic iron most likely resulted from tube sample removal. In addition to iron and copper, EDS detected small amounts of nickel, silicon, sulfur, chromium...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... . In gas turbine environments, a sodium threshold level below 0.008 ppm by weight precluded type 1 hot corrosion. Other impurities, such as vanadium, phosphorus, lead, chlorides, and unburned carbon, can be involved in lowering salt melting temperatures and accelerating hot corrosion. High chromium content...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... the maximum allowable levels. The excess phosphorus could have possible deleterious effects in terms of embrittlement, whereas high levels of chromium may destabilize the austenite. Conclusion and Recommendations The findings of this study led to the conclusion that the impeller failed by fatigue...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003556
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... established under the biofilm, where oxygen levels are depleted and metabolite (e.g., organic acid) concentrations may be high. Slime-forming organisms are a recommended target of monitoring programs for cooling water systems ( Ref 37 ) as are iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria capable of laying down...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... matrix adjacent to a spiking defect. Etched with nital. Both 300× Fig. 48 Tensile and yield strength of ductile iron versus visually assessed nodularity. Source: Ref 41 Fig. 52 Example of preferential oxidation of the grain boundaries in a cast high-temperature alloy steel...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001714
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... the chromia layer diminishes, carburization process or metal dusting attack starts. This process continues by diffusion of carbon on the pipe and forms (chromium, iron) carbide. Initially, carbide forms as M 23 C 6 . When intrusions of carbon continue, the carbide at that position change to M 7 C 3 to MC...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Chromium 27.9 27.0–30.0 Molybdenum 6.11 5.0–7.0 Nickel 0.06 1.0 (max) Iron 0.24 0.75 (max) Carbon 0.245 0.35 (max) Silicon 0.68 1.0 (max) Manganes 0.32 1.0 (max) Cobalt … bal Specimen Selection Quality control includes tensile testing of the bead-to-cast...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Specifications The forging stock was in Indian alloy that is similar to British BSL L77 alloy. Specimen Selection Three sections across the cracked regions of the parts (one each from the upsetting, preforging, and final forging stages) were selected for low-power optical and high-power scanning...