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Book Chapter
Failures Related to Heat Treating Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... during heat treating and describes the metallurgical sources of stress and distortion during heating and cooling. The article summarizes the effect of materials and the quench-process design on distortion and cracking and details the effect of cooling characteristics on residual stress and distortion...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the effects of various material- and process-related parameters on residual stress, distortion control, cracking, and microstructure/property relationships as they relate to various types of failure. It discusses phase transformations that occur during heat treating and describes the metallurgical sources of stress and distortion during heating and cooling. The article summarizes the effect of materials and the quench-process design on distortion and cracking and details the effect of cooling characteristics on residual stress and distortion. It also provides information on the methods of minimizing distortion and tempering. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure/property-related failures.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001642
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract A plant had manufactured and heat treated their product in house for years. As time went on, the special steel that they had been using became more expensive, and a switch was made to a more common and less highly alloyed material. However, no change in hardness specifications were...
Abstract
A plant had manufactured and heat treated their product in house for years. As time went on, the special steel that they had been using became more expensive, and a switch was made to a more common and less highly alloyed material. However, no change in hardness specifications were made, because calculations of ideal critical diameter and analysis of available hardenability data indicated that the original hardness specification could be met. There was, however, less room for process variation. The parts ended up containing temper carbides, developed heavy decarburization, and experienced excessive distortion because they were left in the furnace for extended and varying periods with the temperature “turned down a couple hundred degrees.”
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract This article introduces some of the general sources of heat treating problems with particular emphasis on problems caused by the actual heat treating process and the significant thermal and transformation stresses within a heat treated part. It addresses the design and material factors...
Abstract
This article introduces some of the general sources of heat treating problems with particular emphasis on problems caused by the actual heat treating process and the significant thermal and transformation stresses within a heat treated part. It addresses the design and material factors that cause a part to fail during heat treatment. The article discusses the problems associated with heating and furnaces, quenching media, quenching stresses, hardenability, tempering, carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitriding as well as potential stainless steel problems and problems associated with nonferrous heat treatments. The processes involved in cold working of certain ferrous and nonferrous alloys are also covered.
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(a) Improperly heat treated spring vs. (b) properly heat treated spring (te...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 13 (a) Improperly heat treated spring vs. (b) properly heat treated spring (tempered martensite) and the resulting fracture surface morphologies
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A properly heat treated tool of manganese oil-hardening steel has a martens...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 A properly heat treated tool of manganese oil-hardening steel has a martensitic structure (left) containing fine tempered martensite and carbides. An overheated tool material has an acicular martensitic structure (right) that cracks easily (see Fig. 5 ). Etchant, Nital; 700X.
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Microstructure of Mar-M-247 heat treated cast alloy for gas turbine compone...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 34 Microstructure of Mar-M-247 heat treated cast alloy for gas turbine components showing different sizes of γ′ particles. Electropolished and electroetched. Courtesy of Dr. J.F. Radavich, Micro-Met Laboratories
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Surface residual-stress map of resistance welded, heat treated, and ground ...
Available to Purchase
in X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Surface residual-stress map of resistance welded, heat treated, and ground steel saw blade. Source: Ref 30
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
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SEM micrograph of a satisfactorily heat-treated Al-4Cu alloy extruded bar, ...
Available to Purchase
in Cracking During Forging of Extruded Aluminum Alloy Bar Stock Material
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 6 SEM micrograph of a satisfactorily heat-treated Al-4Cu alloy extruded bar, showing absence of black, segregated particles.
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Image
Heat-treated end frame component after cadmium plating. Several tiny crackl...
Available to Purchase
in Hydrogen Embrittlement Cracking in a Batch of Steel Forgings
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 1 Heat-treated end frame component after cadmium plating. Several tiny cracklike indications, primarily in the base fillet radial zones, were detected by magnetic-particle testing.
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Micrograph of microetched heat-treated microstructure, showing tempered mar...
Available to Purchase
in Hydrogen-Assisted Fracture of a 17-4PH Airplane Wing Component
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 8 Micrograph of microetched heat-treated microstructure, showing tempered martensite and ferrite stringers.
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Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment MLR in as-received gear segment....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 22 Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment MLR in as-received gear segment. See also Tables 3 , 4 , 5 .
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Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment MRR relative to as-received gear...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 23 Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment MRR relative to as-received gear segment. See also Tables 3 , 4 , 5 .
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Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment F relative to as-received gear s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1993
Fig. 24 Impact energy of heat-treated gear segment F relative to as-received gear segments. See also Tables 3 , 4 , 5 .
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Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated car...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 52 Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated carbon steel in hydrogen service. (a) Etched with 2% nital solution to show weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). (b) As-polished to show fissures, including an almost through-wall crack on the HAZ on the left. Source
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in Primary Grain Boundary Cracks in Cast Ingots and Flaky Crankshafts
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
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Fracture of a specimen from crank arm, heat treated. 1 × Flaky edges of spe...
Available to Purchase
in Primary Grain Boundary Cracks in Cast Ingots and Flaky Crankshafts
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Fracture of a specimen from crank arm, heat treated. 1 × Flaky edges of specimen oxidized during heat treatment.
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Heat treated microstructure of saw blades, transverse section, etch: Nital....
Available to Purchase
in Cracked Slitting Saw Blades
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Fractured Piston Rod of Drop Forge Hammers
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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Microstructure of Mar-M-247 heat treated cast alloy for gas turbine compone...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 34 Microstructure of Mar-M-247 heat treated cast alloy for gas turbine components showing different sizes of γ′ particles. Electropolished and electroetched. Courtesy of J.F. Radavich, Micro-Met Laboratories
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