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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... Abstract The bolt in a bolt and thimble assembly used to connect a wire rope to a crane hanger bracket was worn excessively. Two worn bolts, one new bolt, and a new thimble were examined. Specifications required the bolts to be made of 4140 steel heat treated to a hardness of 277 to 321 HRB...
Abstract
The bolt in a bolt and thimble assembly used to connect a wire rope to a crane hanger bracket was worn excessively. Two worn bolts, one new bolt, and a new thimble were examined. Specifications required the bolts to be made of 4140 steel heat treated to a hardness of 277 to 321 HRB. Thimbles were to be made of cast 8625 steel, but no heat treatment or hardness were specified. Analysis (visual inspection, hardness testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the wear was due to strikingly difference hardness measurements in the bolt and thimble. Recommendations included hardening and tempering the bolts to the hardness range of 375 to 430 HRB. The thimbles should be heat treated to a similar microstructure and the same hardness range as those of the bolt. Molybdenum disulfide lubricant can be liberally applied during the initial installation of the bolts. A maintenance lubrication program was not suggested, but galling could be reduced by periodic application of a solid lubricant.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... occurred in links having hardness values in the range of 375 to 444 HRB. It was revealed by the supplier that the previous hardness level of 302 to 375 HRB was increased to minimize wear which made the links were made notch sensitive and resulted in fractures that initiated at the butt-weld flash...
Abstract
Several thousands of new 16 mm diam alloy steel sling chains used for handling billets failed by chain-link fractures. No failures were found to have occurred before delivery of the new chains. It was observed that the links had broken at the weld. It was found that all failures had occurred in links having hardness values in the range of 375 to 444 HRB. It was revealed by the supplier that the previous hardness level of 302 to 375 HRB was increased to minimize wear which made the links were made notch sensitive and resulted in fractures that initiated at the butt-weld flash on the inside surfaces of the links. A further reduction in ductility was believed to have been caused by lower temperatures during winter months. Thus, the failure was concluded to have been caused in a brittle manner caused by the notch sensitivity of the high hardness material at lower temperatures. The chains were retempered to a hardness of 302 to 375 HRB as a corrective measure and subsequently ordered chains had this hardness as a requirement.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Pipes made of low-carbon Thomas steel had been welded longitudinally employing the carbon-arc process with bare electrode wire made for argon-shielded arc welding. Difficulties were encountered during the cutting of threads because of the presence of hard spots. Microstructural...
Abstract
Pipes made of low-carbon Thomas steel had been welded longitudinally employing the carbon-arc process with bare electrode wire made for argon-shielded arc welding. Difficulties were encountered during the cutting of threads because of the presence of hard spots. Microstructural examination showed welding conditions were such that a carburizing atmosphere developed, which led to an increase in carbon content and hardening at certain locations such as terminal bells and lap joints. This explained the processing difficulties during the threading operation.
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in Application of Fracture Mechanics to Pipeline Failure Analysis
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Oil and Gas Production Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Map of hardness of outside surface of piece 5-1-D, compiled from hardness measurements using Rockwell hardness tests (subsequently, converted to Knoop hardness) and Knoop hardness measurements.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 AISI S7 punch that had a low surface hardness after heat treatment and was given a second carburizing treatment, then rehardened. Cracking was observed after this retreatment (the cracks have been accentuated with magnetic particles). Coarse circumferential machining marks were present
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 51 Case-hardness traverse of section used for Fig. 50 taken from tooth shown in Fig. 49(b) .
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Effect of abrasive hardness on wear behavior of metals and ceramics. Source: Ref 7
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Abrasion resistance versus hardness for various material types in high-stress pin abrasion tests (silicon carbide abrasive). Source: Ref 6
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Influence of hardness and E /σ y on dominant wear mechanism. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Schematic relationship between wear resistance, hardness, and fracture toughness. Source: Ref 6
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Effect of microstructure and hardness on the abrasion resistance of steels: high-stress abrasion, alumina abrasive. Source: Ref 7
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Bands of normalized wear rate versus hardness for low-stress scratching, high-stress gouging, and impact wear. Low-stress scratching shows the strongest dependence on hardness, while impact abrasion shows the least. The scatter in the impact abrasion data suggests a growing
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 30 Correlation of hardness with wear rate for three materials. The two 50 HRC materials both exhibit the same low-stress scratching wear resistance. However, as the wear severity increases, the steel designed for ground-engaging tools (steel A) exhibits moderate improvements in gouging
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Strength-hardness correlation for carbon and low-alloy steels. Source: Ref 14
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in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Correlation between hardness and Larson-Miller parameter for alloy steels 1Cr- 1 2 Mo, 2Cr-1Mo, and 9Cr-1Mo
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Plot of hardness across the carburized layer of a gear tooth made by using a micro-indentation hardness tester with a Vickers indenter. The equivalent Rockwell C hardness is shown on the right. The effective depth of hardness is indicated by the broken line cutting the hardness plot
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 27 Schematic presentation of different methods of hardness-depth profiling. (a) Load variation method (LVM). (b) Constant load method (CLM). (c) Cross-sectional method (CSM). The cross-hatched areas indicate the relative dimensions of the probed volumes, for which a hemispherical shape
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in X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Effect of heat treatment temperature on (a) hardness (HRC) and (b) XRD peak integral breadth.
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in Failure Analysis of a Reduction Furnace Heat Resistant Roll
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Rockwell “B” hardness profiles for two ring sections.
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in Failure Analysis of a Radio-Activated Accelerator Component
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 18 A trace of hardness measurements across the beam area compared with the hardness in the initial PH condition 1
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