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fretting wear
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration, type of contact and vibration, impact fretting, surface finish, and residual stresses. The form, composition, and role of the debris are briefly discussed. The article also describes the measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. It concludes with several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
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in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 34 Seal wear ring (inverted) below seal housing. Fretting wear can be seen on the inner cone at the bottom of the stack. The fractured journal was also cleaned in mineral spirits and then cut approximately 25 mm (1 in.) from the fracture surface. This was performed to enable the area
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Plot of fretting wear versus number of cycles for mild steel with 90 μm (0.0036 in.) slip amplitude in both dry air and nitrogen atmospheres. Source: Ref 24
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Published: 01 January 2002
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in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 13 Fretting wear (arrows) of the outer surface of a fuel nozzle where it contacts a support collar (not shown)
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
...-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent...
Abstract
The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Stripping of the engine revealed that the bevel gear locating splines (16 NCD 13) had failed. Visual and low-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent to the splines and on the bevel gear abutment shoulder. Additional tests included a metrological inspection of the shaft, bevel gear and support ring; metallographic examination of a section from the shaft; chemical analysis of the shaft material (16 NCD 13); and hardness testing of a sample of the yoke material. The wear had been caused by incorrect machining of the shaft splines, which prevented the bevel gear nut from locating correctly against the gear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract Wear on a titanium screw head with a lip of material that that was transported by fretting at a plate-hole edge was studied. A flat fretting zone was visible on the screw surface over the material lip. A cellular wear structure containing wear debris was found. No morphological signs...
Abstract
Wear on a titanium screw head with a lip of material that that was transported by fretting at a plate-hole edge was studied. A flat fretting zone was visible on the screw surface over the material lip. A cellular wear structure containing wear debris was found. No morphological signs of corrosion were observed in connection with fretting structures.
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in Titanium Screw Head With Fretting Structure at Contact Area With Plate Hole
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Wear on head of titanium screw. (a) Material transport and fretting zone. (b) Close-up view of wear structures showing fine wear products. 120×. (c) Wear structures showing generation of small wear particles. 1200×. (d) Wear structures with additional fretting structures. 305×
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Wear on head of titanium screw. (a) Material transport and fretting zone. (b) Close-up view of wear structures showing fine wear products. 120×. (c) Wear structures showing generation of small wear particles. 1200×. (d) Wear structures with additional fretting structures. 305×
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... used in the laboratory portion of the failure investigation are mentioned in the failure examples. The topics covered are creep, localized overheating, thermal-mechanical fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, fretting wear, erosive wear, high-temperature oxidation, hot corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement...
Abstract
This article focuses on common failures of the components associated with the flow path of industrial gas turbines. Examples of steam turbine blade failures are also discussed, because these components share some similarities with gas turbine blading. Some of the analytical methods used in the laboratory portion of the failure investigation are mentioned in the failure examples. The topics covered are creep, localized overheating, thermal-mechanical fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, fretting wear, erosive wear, high-temperature oxidation, hot corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, and manufacturing and repair deficiencies.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... by a large portion of the contact area. Fine corrosion pits in the periphery were observed and intense mechanical material transfer that can take place during fretting was revealed. Smearing of material layers over each other during wear was observed and attack by pitting corrosion was interpreted...
Abstract
Fretting and fretting corrosion at the contact area between the screw hole of a type 316LR stainless steel bone plate and the corresponding screw head was studied. The attack on the 316LR stainless steel was only shallow. Mechanical grinding and polishing structures were exhibited by a large portion of the contact area. Fine corrosion pits in the periphery were observed and intense mechanical material transfer that can take place during fretting was revealed. Smearing of material layers over each other during wear was observed and attack by pitting corrosion was interpreted to be possible.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001903
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Bolted joints Inspection Rotor blades Torque 4130 UNS G41300 Pitting corrosion Fretting wear Two examples illustrate the effects of fretting and/or fretting corrosion fatigue. One is attributed to insufficient design ( Figs. 1 , 2 , 3 ), and the other, to inadequate maintenance ( Figs. 4...
Abstract
Fretting and/or fretting corrosion fatigue have been observed on such parts as main rotor counterweight tie rods, fixed-pitch propeller blades, propeller blade clamps, pressure regulator lines, and landing gear support brackets. Microcracks started from severe corrosion pits in a failed control rotor spar tube assembly made of cadmium-plated AISI 4130 Cr-Mo alloy steel. Inadequate design was responsible for the failure. A lower tine of the main rotor blade cuff failed in fatigue. The rotor blade cuff was forged of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy. Initial stages of crack growth displayed features typical of low stress intensity fatigue of aluminum alloys. The fatigue resulted from abnormal fretting owing to inadequate torquing of the main retention bolts. Aircraft maintenance engineers and owners were advised to adhere to specifications when torquing this joint.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001745
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... operation may have loosened the fitting. Aircraft components Fittings Fluid penetrant testing 2XXX-T6 Fretting wear Intergranular corrosion Stress-corrosion cracking The part illustrated by Fig. 1 failed in a coastal environment, probably because corrosive chlorides got between...
Abstract
A 2000-T6 aluminum alloy bracket failed in a coastal environment because corrosive chlorides got between the bracket and attachment bolt. The material used for the part was susceptible to stress corrosion under the service conditions. Cracking may have been aggravated by galvanic action between aluminum alloy bracket and steel bolt. To preclude or minimize recurrences, fittings in service should be inspected periodically by dye penetrant for signs of cracking on the end face and within the fitting hole and protected with a suitable coating to exclude damaging chlorides. Also, a 2000-T6 aluminum alloy swivel fitting experienced intergranular corrosion fracture as the result of stress-accelerated corrosion. Corrosion began because of a loose fit between the aluminum swivel fitting and steel tube assembly, which caused fretting. Inadequate maintenance and/or abnormal service operation may have loosened the fitting.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047956
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... the raceways enough to cause fluctuations in machine output. Solvent-vapor cleaning was employed as a corrective technique for removing bearing lubricant. Lubricants Solvents Vapor degreasing Bearing steel Fretting wear Surface treatment related failures During the early stages of production...
Abstract
Randomly selected dictating-machine drive mechanisms, which contained small ball bearings, were found to exhibit unacceptable fluctuations in drive output during the early stages of production. It was indicated that the bearing raceways were being true brinelled before or during installation of the bearings. The preinstallation practices and the procedures for installing the bearings were carefully studied. It was revealed that during one preinstallation step, the lubricant applied by the bearing manufacturer was removed and the bearing was relubricated with another type of lubricant prior to which the bearings were ultrasonically cleaned in trichloroethylene to ensure extreme cleanness. Equally spaced indentations resembling true brinelling were revealed by careful examination of the bearing raceways. It was concluded that the ultrasonic energy transmitted to the balls brinelled the raceways enough to cause fluctuations in machine output. Solvent-vapor cleaning was employed as a corrective technique for removing bearing lubricant.
Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 2 Accessory angle drive components: S, splined shaft; G, bevel gear, R, support ring, N, castellated nut. Note severe fretting wear damage to the shaft splines (open arrow)and the mating bevel gear splines (B). ∼.38×.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0091893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... position without bearing rotation. Recommendations included improving methods of securing the vehicle during transportation to eliminate vibrations. Automotive components Fretting Vibratory stresses 52100 UNS G52986 Fretting wear The front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing shown...
Abstract
An automotive front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing generated considerable noise shortly after delivery of the vehicle. The inner and outer rings were made of seamless cold-drawn 52100 steel tubing, the balls were forged from 52100 steel, and the retainer was stamped from 1008 steel strip. The inner ring, outer ring, and balls were austenitized at 845 deg C (about 1550 deg F), oil quenched, and tempered to a hardness of 60 to 64 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fretting due to vibration of the stationary vehicle position without bearing rotation. Recommendations included improving methods of securing the vehicle during transportation to eliminate vibrations.