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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract Fretting and fretting corrosion at the contact area between the screw hole of a type 316LR stainless steel bone plate and the corresponding screw head was studied. The attack on the 316LR stainless steel was only shallow. Mechanical grinding and polishing structures were exhibited...
Abstract
Fretting and fretting corrosion at the contact area between the screw hole of a type 316LR stainless steel bone plate and the corresponding screw head was studied. The attack on the 316LR stainless steel was only shallow. Mechanical grinding and polishing structures were exhibited by a large portion of the contact area. Fine corrosion pits in the periphery were observed and intense mechanical material transfer that can take place during fretting was revealed. Smearing of material layers over each other during wear was observed and attack by pitting corrosion was interpreted to be possible.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration, type of contact and vibration, impact fretting, surface finish, and residual stresses. The form, composition, and role of the debris are briefly discussed. The article also describes the measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. It concludes with several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... Abstract A crankshaft flange from a marine diesel engine illustrated a less-common case of fretting-fatigue cracking. The crankshaft was from a main engine of a sea-going passenger/vehicle ferry. The afterface of the flange was bolted to the flange of a shaft driving the gearbox. Cracks...
Abstract
A crankshaft flange from a marine diesel engine illustrated a less-common case of fretting-fatigue cracking. The crankshaft was from a main engine of a sea-going passenger/vehicle ferry. The afterface of the flange was bolted to the flange of a shaft driving the gearbox. Cracks observed were sharp, transgranular, and not associated with any decarburization or other microstructural anomalies in the steel. Cracking of this main engine crankshaft flange was very likely a consequence of fatigue cracking initiated at fretting damage. The cause of the fretting was from loosening of the bolts.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract Wear on a titanium screw head with a lip of material that that was transported by fretting at a plate-hole edge was studied. A flat fretting zone was visible on the screw surface over the material lip. A cellular wear structure containing wear debris was found. No morphological signs...
Abstract
Wear on a titanium screw head with a lip of material that that was transported by fretting at a plate-hole edge was studied. A flat fretting zone was visible on the screw surface over the material lip. A cellular wear structure containing wear debris was found. No morphological signs of corrosion were observed in connection with fretting structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0091893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... steel strip. The inner ring, outer ring, and balls were austenitized at 845 deg C (about 1550 deg F), oil quenched, and tempered to a hardness of 60 to 64 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fretting due to vibration of the stationary vehicle...
Abstract
An automotive front-wheel outer angular-contact ball bearing generated considerable noise shortly after delivery of the vehicle. The inner and outer rings were made of seamless cold-drawn 52100 steel tubing, the balls were forged from 52100 steel, and the retainer was stamped from 1008 steel strip. The inner ring, outer ring, and balls were austenitized at 845 deg C (about 1550 deg F), oil quenched, and tempered to a hardness of 60 to 64 HRC. Investigation (visual inspection) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fretting due to vibration of the stationary vehicle position without bearing rotation. Recommendations included improving methods of securing the vehicle during transportation to eliminate vibrations.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001903
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... Abstract Fretting and/or fretting corrosion fatigue have been observed on such parts as main rotor counterweight tie rods, fixed-pitch propeller blades, propeller blade clamps, pressure regulator lines, and landing gear support brackets. Microcracks started from severe corrosion pits...
Abstract
Fretting and/or fretting corrosion fatigue have been observed on such parts as main rotor counterweight tie rods, fixed-pitch propeller blades, propeller blade clamps, pressure regulator lines, and landing gear support brackets. Microcracks started from severe corrosion pits in a failed control rotor spar tube assembly made of cadmium-plated AISI 4130 Cr-Mo alloy steel. Inadequate design was responsible for the failure. A lower tine of the main rotor blade cuff failed in fatigue. The rotor blade cuff was forged of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy. Initial stages of crack growth displayed features typical of low stress intensity fatigue of aluminum alloys. The fatigue resulted from abnormal fretting owing to inadequate torquing of the main retention bolts. Aircraft maintenance engineers and owners were advised to adhere to specifications when torquing this joint.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c0091897
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
..., hardness testing, and microscopic exam) supported the conclusion that shaft failure was initiated by fretting between the bearing race and the bearing surface on the shaft because of improper bearing installation. Once clearance was established between the bearing and the shaft, the shaft began pounding...
Abstract
The shaft-and-bearing assembly in a freon compressor was subjected to severe pounding and vibration after six years of service. After about one year of service, the compressor had been shut down to replace a bearing seal. One month before the shaft failed, a second seal failure occurred, requiring the collar, spacer sleeve, seal, roller bearing, and lock washer to be replaced. The shaft was made of 4140 steel, heat treated to a hardness of 20 to 26 HRC. The seal, bearing, and lock washer were commercial components. Investigation (visual inspection, 4.5x images, x-ray diffraction, hardness testing, and microscopic exam) supported the conclusion that shaft failure was initiated by fretting between the bearing race and the bearing surface on the shaft because of improper bearing installation. Once clearance was established between the bearing and the shaft, the shaft began pounding on the inner bearing race, causing final failure of the shaft surface. Recommendations included proper fitting of the shaft and bearing race to preventing movement of the bearing on the shaft. Also, the lock washer and locknut must be installed properly.
Image
in Screw Hole With Fretting and Fretting Corrosion of a Type 316LR Stainless Steel Plate
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Fretting and fretting corrosion at the contact area between the screw hole of a type 316LR stainless steel bone plate and the corresponding screw head. (a) Overview of wear on plate hole showing mechanical and pitting corrosion attack. 15x. (b) Higher-magnification view of shallow
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in Failure of a Coal-Pulverizer Shafts from a Generation Station
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Cross section of steel shaft, with fretting-fatigue cracks developing in or near the keyway but ignoring the stress concentration of the corner. Crack “A” initiated from one side of the keyway, as in Fig. 2 ; crack “B” originated from the cylindrical surface.
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in Fretting Failure of Raceways on 52100 Steel Rings of an Automotive Front- Wheel Bearing
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Automotive front-wheel bearing that failed by fretting of raceways on inner and outer 52100 steel rings. Dimensions given in inches
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in Fretting of Freon-Compressor Shaft because of a Loose Bearing
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Freon-compressor shaft of 4140 steel that failed by fretting corrosion in the bearing area (Example 2). (a) Shaft and bearing assembly. (b) Failed region of shaft, at 2×, showing disturbed metal and partly closed keyway. (c) Shaft side of bearing inner ring, at 3×, showing pitting
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in Titanium Screw Head With Fretting Structure at Contact Area With Plate Hole
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Wear on head of titanium screw. (a) Material transport and fretting zone. (b) Close-up view of wear structures showing fine wear products. 120×. (c) Wear structures showing generation of small wear particles. 1200×. (d) Wear structures with additional fretting structures. 305×
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in A Survey of the Causes of Failure of Rolling Bearings
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Fretting corrosion on outer face.
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in Corrosion Cracking of Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Arrow indicates fretting in the cracked bracket. Material: 2000 series aluminum, T6 condition; R B 78–80.
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in Fretting and Corrosion in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Corroded surface of fracture shown in Fig. 1 . Note severe fretting corrosion products (red-brown “mud” appearance) at and near two origins (O 1 and O 2 ) at the bottom outboard attachment bolt hole. Inset shows close-up of O 2 depicting “beach marks”.
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in Fretting and Corrosion in Aircraft Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Severe fretting areas at and near failure ( Fig. 4 ) and on bolt (inset).
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Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 Brittle fracture in spring leg spread from fretting-induced fatigue zone (arrow) at the outboard side surface. Fatigue began at fretting marks due to loosened (or inadequately tightened) lower bolts, which attach the ski-wheel axle.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001620
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... revealed finely spaced striations on the crack surfaces, supporting a diagnosis of fatigue cracking. Crack initiation in the pulverizer shafts started as a result of fretting fatigue. Greater attention to lubrication was suggested, combined with asking the manufacturer to consider nitriding the splined...
Abstract
Two vertical coal-pulverizer shafts at a coal-fired generation station failed after four to five years in service. One shaft was completely broken, and the other was unbroken but cracked at both ends. shaft material was AISI type 4340 Ni-Cr- Mo alloy steel, with a uniform hardness of approximately HRC 27. Metallographic examination of transverse sections through the surface-damaged areas adjacent to the cracks also showed additional small cracks growing at an angle of approximately 60 deg to the surface. The crack propagation mode appeared to be wholly transgranular. SEM examination revealed finely spaced striations on the crack surfaces, supporting a diagnosis of fatigue cracking. Crack initiation in the pulverizer shafts started as a result of fretting fatigue. Greater attention to lubrication was suggested, combined with asking the manufacturer to consider nitriding the splined shaft. It was suggested that the surfaces be securely clamped together and that an in-service maintenance program be initiated to ensure that the tightness of the clamping bolts was verified regularly.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Fig. 1 Defective ATAR engine accessory angle drive splined shaft and gear assembly. The bevel gear (arrow) was free to rotate on the shaft. ∼.34×. Fig. 2 Accessory angle drive components: S, splined shaft; G, bevel gear, R, support ring, N, castellated nut. Note severe fretting wear...
Abstract
The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Stripping of the engine revealed that the bevel gear locating splines (16 NCD 13) had failed. Visual and low-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent to the splines and on the bevel gear abutment shoulder. Additional tests included a metrological inspection of the shaft, bevel gear and support ring; metallographic examination of a section from the shaft; chemical analysis of the shaft material (16 NCD 13); and hardness testing of a sample of the yoke material. The wear had been caused by incorrect machining of the shaft splines, which prevented the bevel gear nut from locating correctly against the gear.
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