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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.... discontinuities hot forming ingot casting metalworking defects nonferrous forging steel forging wrought metal products Introduction to Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes Wrought forms are produced by a wide variety of metalworking operations that can be roughly divided into bulk-working...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001601
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Flow forming technology has emerged as a promising, economical metal forming technology due to its ability to provide high strength, high precision, thin walled tubes with excellent surface finish. This paper presents experimental observations of defects developed during flow forming...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0090932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Cold-drawn type 303 stainless steel wire sections, 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) in diameter, failed during a forming operation. All of the wires failed at a gradual 90 deg bend. Investigation (visual inspection and 5.3x/71x/1187x SEM views) supported the conclusion that the wires cracked due...
Book Chapter

By Daniel J. Schaeffler
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract Sheet forming failures divert resources from normal business activities and have significant bottom-line impact. This article focuses on the formation, causes, and limitations of four primary categories of sheet forming failures, namely necks, fractures/splits/cracks, wrinkles/loose...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0089258
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article addresses the forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. It describes the mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion such as galvanic corrosion, uniform...
Book Chapter

By Michael Cooney, Richard Hoffman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Corrosion is the electrochemical reaction of a material and its environment. This article addresses those forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. Various forms of corrosion covered...
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Failure caused by improper quenching. (a) AISI W1 tool steel wire-forming die that broke prematurely during service. (b) Cold etching (10% aqueous nitric acid) of a disk cut behind the fracture revealed that the bore-working surface was not hardened; only the dull gray region More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Forming cracks on stainless steel wire ( example 2 ). (a) The fracture, which occurred during bending shows many parallel fissures. 5.3×. (b) A typical fissure on the wire surface. Scanning electron micrograph. 71×. (c) The interior of the fissures and the fracture surface exhibit More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Schematic workability diagrams for bulk forming processes. Strain path (a) would lead to failure for material A. Both strain paths (a and b) can be used for the successful forming of material B. More
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 7 Cu/Cu-alloys used during JCOE forming More
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 13 Typical creep voids forming on transverse grain boundaries from solid, equiaxed turbine blade casting. Void coalescence will eventually lead to a stress-rupture crack More
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 14 Creep voids forming near the trailing edge of SX turbine blade casting at ∼ 5% airfoil span. Casting contains no grain boundaries. Etchant: 33% glycerol, 33% nitric acid, 33% acetic acid, and 1–3% hydrofluoric acid More
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 Metal consumption over time for an alloy forming a protective scale under various turbine cycling conditions. The solid black line indicates metal consumption in a thermal cycling regime, with each parabola representing oxidation after effective loss of the protective oxide layer More
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 29 Failure caused by improper quenching. (a) AISI W1 tool steel wire-forming die that broke prematurely during service. (b) Cold etching (10% aqueous nitric acid) of a disk cut behind the fracture revealed that the bore working surface was not hardened; only the dull gray region More
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 3 Forming cracks on stainless steel wire (Example 2). (a) The fracture, which occurred during bending, shows many parallel fissures. Original magnification: 5.3×. (b) A typical fissure on the wire surface. Scanning electron micrograph. Original magnification: 71×. (c) The interior More
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 12 Creep voids forming near the trailing edge of single-crystal turbine blade casting at ~5% airfoil span. Etchant: 33% glycerol, 33% nitric acid, 33% acetic acid, and 1–3% hydrofluoric acid. Casting contains no grain boundaries. Source: Ref 20 More
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Deep caustic gouging beneath heavy insulating deposits. Steam forming under the insulating deposit escapes and concentrates caustic capable of dissolving metal. Courtesy of NACE International More
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Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 21 Schematic drawings of (a) positive (male) forming, (b) negative (female) forming, (c) plug-assisted vacuum forming, and (d) billow-plug forming More
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Forming cracks on stainless steel wire. (a) The fracture, which occurred during bending shows many parallel fissures. 5.3×. (b) A typical fissure on the wire surface. Scanning electron micrograph. 71×. (c) The interior of the fissures and the fracture surface exhibit dimple rupture More