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forging laps
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... (fracturing) Forgings Laps Pressure vessels Seams Alloy steel Metalworking-related failures Certain forged pressure vessels are subjected to autofrettage during their manufacture to induce residual compressive stresses at locations where fatigue cracks may initiate. The results of the autofrettage...
Abstract
During autofrettage of a thick-wall steel pressure vessel, a crack developed through the wall of the component. Certain forged pressure vessels are subjected to autofrettage during their manufacture to induce residual compressive stresses at locations where fatigue cracks may initiate. The results of the autofrettage process, which creates a state of plastic strain in the material, is an increase in the fatigue life of the component. Analysis (visual inspection, 50x/500x unetched micrographs, and electron microprobe analysis) supports the conclusion that the fracture toughness of the steel was exceeded, and failure through the wall occurred because of the following reason: the high level of iron oxide found is highly abnormal in vacuum-degassed steels. Included matter of this nature (exogenous) most likely resulted from scale worked into the surface during forging. Therefore, it is understandable that failure occurred during autofrettage when the section containing these defects was subjected to plastic strains. Because the inclusions were sizable, hard, and extremely irregular, this region would effect substantial stress concentration. No recommendations were made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0089256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Alloy steel forgings used as structural members of a ski chair lift grip mechanism were identified to have contained forging laps (i.e., sharp-notched discontinuities) during an annual magnetic particle inspection of all chair lift grip structural members at a mountain resort...
Abstract
Alloy steel forgings used as structural members of a ski chair lift grip mechanism were identified to have contained forging laps (i.e., sharp-notched discontinuities) during an annual magnetic particle inspection of all chair lift grip structural members at a mountain resort. The material was confirmed to be 34Cr-Ni-Mo6. A heavy oxide on the dark area of one of the broken-open laps was revealed by scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with EDS. A bright area that contained ductile dimple rupture was observed adjacent to the dark area. The oxidized portion of the fracture was established to be the preexisting forging lap while the bright area was created during the breaking-open process. As a corrective action all forgings showing laps were recommended to be removed from service. Critical review and revision of the forging process and revisions to the nondestructive evaluation procedures at the forging supplier was recommended.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... for testing. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x nital-etched micrograph, fluorescent magnetic-particle testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the rod failed in fatigue with the origin along the lap and located approximately 4.7 mm below the forged surface. The presence of oxides...
Abstract
A connecting rod (forged from 15B41 steel and heat treated to a hardness of 29 to 35 HRC) from a truck engine failed after 73,000 Km (45,300 mi) of service. A piece of the I-beam sidewall of the rod, about 6.4 cm (2 in.) long, was missing when the connecting rod arrived at a laboratory for testing. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x nital-etched micrograph, fluorescent magnetic-particle testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the rod failed in fatigue with the origin along the lap and located approximately 4.7 mm below the forged surface. The presence of oxides may have been a partial cause for the defect. Recommendations included better inspection of the forgings by fluorescent magnetic-particle testing before machining.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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in Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 10 Micrograph of a forging lap. Note the included oxide material in the lap. Original magnification: 20×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 49 Micrograph of AISI 1045 as-forged steel illustrating a forging lap. 27×; 2% nital etch. Source: Ref 27
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 37 Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledge-hammer head. (a) Cracks on the striking face soon after the hammer was first used. (b) A hot alkaline chromate etch revealed oxygen enrichment (white region) adjacent to the crack. 65×
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Published: 15 January 2021
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 28 Microstructure of forging lap in another ski lift grip component. As-polished. Original magnification: 111 ×
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in Forging Laps in Ski Chair Lift Grip Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Forging Laps in Ski Chair Lift Grip Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 37 Failure caused by a forging lap in a sledgehammer head. (a) Cracks on the striking face soon after the hammer was first used. (b) A hot alkaline chromate etch revealed oxygen enrichment (white region) adjacent to the crack. Original magnification: 65×
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c9001906
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... testing, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. It was determined that the failures were due to forging defects. Both forging laps and seams acted as stress concentrators when the lugs were loaded during proof testing. Bombs (weapons) Suspension lugs Forging...
Abstract
Suspension lugs fabricated from AISI 4340 steel used to facilitate loading of bombs onto the underside of military aircraft could not sustain required loads during routine proof load testing. Three failed lugs underwent visual examination, chemical analysis, metallography, hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. It was determined that the failures were due to forging defects. Both forging laps and seams acted as stress concentrators when the lugs were loaded during proof testing.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
.... The investigation results suggest that the root cause of failure was a forging lap that occurred during manufacturing. Precracks induced by the forging defect and the influence of preload stress (due to bolt torque) caused the premature failure. cable clamps brittle fracture forging overlap copper alloy...
Abstract
Two clamps that support overhead power lines in an electrified rail system fractured within six months of being installed. The clamps are made of CuNiSi alloy, a type of precipitation-strengthening nickel-silicon bronze. To identify the root cause of failure, the rail operator led an investigation that included fractographic and microstructural analysis, hardness testing, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and finite-element analysis. The fracture was shown to be brittle in nature and covered with oxide flakes, but no other flaws relevant to the failure were observed. The investigation results suggest that the root cause of failure was a forging lap that occurred during manufacturing. Precracks induced by the forging defect and the influence of preload stress (due to bolt torque) caused the premature failure.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... that the failures stemmed from forging laps in the jaw that broaching failed to remove. open end wrench fracture forging laps chromium steel fracture scanning electron microscopy surface morphology chromium manganese steel (low alloy chromium steel, general) Introduction A maintenance worker...
Abstract
A maintenance worker was injured when his 3/4 in. (19 mm) open-ended wrench failed, fracturing in overload fashion along the jaw. The failed wrench was unavailable for testing, but an identical one that failed in the same manner was acquired and subjected to hardness, chemistry, SEM, and metallurgical analyses. SEM imaging revealed microvoid coalescence within the fracture zone. The microvoids were flat and smooth edged indicating insufficient bonding. In addition, a cross sectional sample, mounted and etched using alkaline chromate, revealed an oxygen-rich zone in the jaw. It was concluded that the failures stemmed from forging laps in the jaw that broaching failed to remove.
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in Fatigue Fracture That Initiated at a Forging Lap in a Connecting Rod for a Truck Engine
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 15B41 steel forged truck connecting rod that failed in service from fatigue initiated at a forging lap. (a) Connecting rod and a detail of the I-beam portion showing the forging lop in one wall.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006835
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... thermal gradients and favor crack formation. Imperfections Created during Forging Many forging defects can be created during the forming process. The defects are almost always caused by improper flow during the forging process. Seams and laps are surface discontinuities that are caused by folding...
Abstract
The primary purpose of this article is to describe general root causes of failure that are associated with wrought metals and metalworking. This includes a brief review of the discontinuities or imperfections that may be common sources of failure-inducing defects in the bulk working of wrought products. The article addresses the types of flaws or defects that can be introduced during the steel forging process itself, including defects originating in the ingot-casting process. Defects found in nonferrous forgings—titanium, aluminum, and copper and copper alloys—also are covered.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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