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fatigue crack propagation
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in Analysis of Degradation and Failure Mechanisms that Develop in Hot Forging Die
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 3 Typical appearance of fatigue crack propagation and plastic deformation on different fillets
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Image
in Analysis of Degradation and Failure Mechanisms that Develop in Hot Forging Die
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 2 Global appearance of lateral surface: ( a ) fatigue crack propagating along different surfaces of the die and ( b ) SEM micrograph showing typical crack morphology on the side surface of the die
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... loads during their lifetime. This article focuses on fractography of fatigue. It provides an abbreviated summary of fatigue processes and mechanisms: fatigue crack initiation, fatigue crack propagation, and final fracture,. Characteristic fatigue fracture features that can be discerned visually or under...
Abstract
Fatigue failure of engineering components and structures results from progressive fracture caused by cyclic or fluctuating loads. Fatigue is an important potential cause of mechanical failure, because most engineering components or structures are or can be subjected to cyclic loads during their lifetime. This article focuses on fractography of fatigue. It provides an abbreviated summary of fatigue processes and mechanisms: fatigue crack initiation, fatigue crack propagation, and final fracture,. Characteristic fatigue fracture features that can be discerned visually or under low magnification are then described. Typical microscopic features observed on structural metals are presented subsequently, followed by a brief discussion on fatigue in polymers and polymer-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... propagation in different environments. The article concludes with a discussion on rolling-contact fatigue, macropitting, micropitting, and subcase fatigue. corrosion fatigue crack growth crack initiation damage tolerance criterion fatigue fracture fatigue strength fatigue-crack propagation finite...
Abstract
This article describes three design-life methods or philosophies of fatigue, namely, infinite-life, finite-life, and damage tolerant. It outlines the three stages in the process of fatigue fracture: the initial fatigue damage leading to crack initiation, progressive cyclic growth of crack, and the sudden fracture of the remaining cross section. The article discusses the effects of loading and stress distribution on fatigue cracks, and reviews the fatigue behavior of materials when subjected to different loading conditions such as bending and loading. The article examines the effects of load frequency and temperature, material condition, and manufacturing practices on fatigue strength. It provides information on subsurface discontinuities, including gas porosity, inclusions, and internal bursts as well as on corrosion fatigue testing to measure rates of fatigue-crack propagation in different environments. The article concludes with a discussion on rolling-contact fatigue, macropitting, micropitting, and subcase fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0048535
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
...Abstract Abstract A stick-shift from an automobile transmission failed in service. Failure occurred by stable fatigue crack propagation at locations R and L. Plausibly, the crack initiated at location R due to maximum tensile stress, which was perhaps further concentrated by a surface...
Abstract
A stick-shift from an automobile transmission failed in service. Failure occurred by stable fatigue crack propagation at locations R and L. Plausibly, the crack initiated at location R due to maximum tensile stress, which was perhaps further concentrated by a surface imperfection. As the crack progressed, the service load shifted to the section marked L. This overload on location L appears to have caused another fatigue crack that propagated first over the smooth-banded region. Catastrophic failure occurred when the component became unstable under the applied load.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... initiated at an overload fracture near the root of the weld and was followed by mode III fatigue crack propagation (tearing) around the periphery of the weld. The initial overload fracture was caused by a high external load, which produced a concentrated stress and fracture at the weld root. The subsequent...
Abstract
Several AISI type 321 stainless steel welded oil tank assemblies used on helicopter engine systems began to leak in service. One failure, a fracture on the aft side of a spot weld, was submitted for analysis. SEM fractography examination revealed fatigue failure. The failure initiated at an overload fracture near the root of the weld and was followed by mode III fatigue crack propagation (tearing) around the periphery of the weld. The initial overload fracture was caused by a high external load, which produced a concentrated stress and fracture at the weld root. The subsequent fatigue fracture was caused by engine vibrations during operation of the aircraft. Fracture characteristics indicated that the fatigue would not have occurred if the initial damage had not taken place.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... also describes the general features of fatigue fractures in terms of crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation. brittle fracture crack initiation creep fracture deformation ductile fracture failure analysis fatigue crack growth fatigue crack propagation fatigue fracture fractography...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of fractography and explains how it is used in failure analysis. It reviews the basic types of fracture processes, namely, ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep, principally in terms of fracture appearances, such as microstructure. The article also describes the general features of fatigue fractures in terms of crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
.... During heat treating following forging, it was surmised that the defect led to the propagation of an internal brittle crack, or clink. A fatigue crack propagated from this origin to the outer surface of the shaft after about a year of service. Finally a last ligament of a few square inches held the shaft...
Abstract
An LNG tanker experienced a fracture of the solid tail shaft, which is a section of the main drive shaft. The tail shaft was made of a forged low-carbon steel. In spite of two ultrasonic inspections, a large defect the size of a football in the center of the shaft was missed. During heat treating following forging, it was surmised that the defect led to the propagation of an internal brittle crack, or clink. A fatigue crack propagated from this origin to the outer surface of the shaft after about a year of service. Finally a last ligament of a few square inches held the shaft together and broke, leading to the separation of the shaft. The cause of failure was fatigue crack initiation and crack growth under reverse bending cyclic stresses. There was no indication that misalignment existed because there was no indication of fretting at the bolt holes in the flange at the end of the shaft. In the case of this shaft, a solution would have been to machine the core of the shaft to remove the brittle material or to use a tubular shaft.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... revealed the presence of a characteristic fatigue crack propagation pattern (beach marks) and radial chevron marks indicating the occurrence of final overload through a brittle intergranular fracture. The collected evidence suggests that surface-initiated cracks propagated by fatigue led to spalling...
Abstract
Spalled fragments from the work rolls of a steel bar straightening machine were received for failure analysis. Visual inspection coupled with optical and scanning electron microscopy were used as the principal analytical techniques for the investigation. Fractographic analysis revealed the presence of a characteristic fatigue crack propagation pattern (beach marks) and radial chevron marks indicating the occurrence of final overload through a brittle intergranular fracture. The collected evidence suggests that surface-initiated cracks propagated by fatigue led to spalling, resulting in severe work roll damage as well as machine downtime and increased maintenance costs.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... initiation, fatigue crack propagation, and final rapid fracture in a ductile manner The fatigue crack originated near a rivet hole. Automotive components Engine components Trucks 301 UNS S30100 Fatigue fracture Background A blade from the engine cooling fan of a pickup truck fractured...
Abstract
A blade from the engine cooling fan of a pickup truck fractured unexpectedly. The blade was made from type 301 stainless steel in the extra full hard tempered condition with a hardness of 47 HRC. Failure analysis indicated that the blade fractured in three modes: crack initiation, fatigue crack propagation, and final rapid fracture in a ductile manner The fatigue crack originated near a rivet hole.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0090909
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
...Abstract Abstract An injection-molded PVC water-filter housing fractured in service. 75x views and visual inspection supported the conclusion that failure occurred due to fatigue crack propagation, as indicated by the presence of discontinuous crack-growth bands and their evolution. However...
Abstract
An injection-molded PVC water-filter housing fractured in service. 75x views and visual inspection supported the conclusion that failure occurred due to fatigue crack propagation, as indicated by the presence of discontinuous crack-growth bands and their evolution. However, an initial fissure was believed to have started first due to residual stresses developed during injection molding. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... of corrosion fatigue. Crack propagation occurred either by corrosion or mechanical fatigue. Evidence was found indicating high rotary bending stresses on the shaft during operation. The nonstandard composition of the En 8 steel used in the shaft and irregular maintenance reduced the life of the shaft...
Abstract
A service water pump in a nuclear reactor failed when its shaft gave way. The fracture originated in the threaded portion of the sleeve nut on the drive-end side of the shaft. Results of the failure analysis showed that the cracking initiated at the thread root as a result of corrosion fatigue. Crack propagation occurred either by corrosion or mechanical fatigue. Evidence was found indicating high rotary bending stresses on the shaft during operation. The nonstandard composition of the En 8 steel used in the shaft and irregular maintenance reduced the life of the shaft. Recommendations included use of a case-hardened En 8 steel with the correct composition and regular maintenance of the pump.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... ksi ultimate tensile strength (UTS), no correlation was found between sulfur content and fatigue strength [ 4 ]. Other points relating to fatigue crack initiation and propagation are The stress to fracture MnS inclusions loaded in the longitudinal direction is greater than the stress...
Abstract
A number of failures involving carbon and alloy steels were analyzed to assess the effects of inclusions and their influence on mechanical properties. Inclusions, including brittle oxides and more ductile manganese sulfides (MnS), affect fatigue endurance limit, fatigue crack propagation rates, fracture toughness, notch toughness, and transverse tensile properties, and do so in an anisotropic manner with respect to rolling direction. Significant property anisotropy has been documented in the failures investigated, providing evidence that designers failed to account for it. Typical fracture morphologies observed in such cases and metallographic appearances of MnS-containing materials are illustrated.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001368
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... that the shaft failed by torsional fatigue starting at subsurface crack initiation sites. The forging contained regions of crack like flaws associated with particles rich in chromium, manganese, and iron. Fracture features indicated that the fatigue cracks propagated under a relatively low stress. Forgings...
Abstract
A forged 4140 steel shaft that connected two runners in a hydroturbine failed catastrophically after approximately 5900 h of service. The runner and the mating section of the broken shaft were examined and tested by various methods. The results of the analyses indicated that the shaft failed by torsional fatigue starting at subsurface crack initiation sites. The forging contained regions of crack like flaws associated with particles rich in chromium, manganese, and iron. Fracture features indicated that the fatigue cracks propagated under a relatively low stress.
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in Unidirectional-Bending Fatigue Failure of an A6 Tool Steel Shaft
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Machine Tools and Manufacturing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 A6 tool steel tube-bending-machine shaft that failed by fatigue fracture. Section A-A: Original and improved designs for fillet in failure region. Dimensions are in inches. View B: Fracture surface showing regions of fatigue-crack propagation and final fracture
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 3 Type A6 tool steel tube-bending-machine shaft that failed by fatigue fracture. Section A-A: Original and improved designs for fillet in failure region. Dimensions are in inches. View B: Fracture surface showing regions of fatigue-crack propagation and final fracture
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c0048536
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
...Abstract Abstract A brittle-like crack propagation caused failure in a rubber office-chair roller. A crack initiated from the inside of the roller and propagated in a discontinuous brittle-like fashion, as indicated from the evolution of concentric fracture striations. Compressive fatigue...
Abstract
A brittle-like crack propagation caused failure in a rubber office-chair roller. A crack initiated from the inside of the roller and propagated in a discontinuous brittle-like fashion, as indicated from the evolution of concentric fracture striations. Compressive fatigue was a dominant mode of loading. Nevertheless, the fracture surface of the failure-causing crack suggested a tensile-stress component was involved in driving failure.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003539
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to cause complete fracture of the undamaged component, but the cumulative action of numerous load cycles, often numbering in the hundreds of thousands and millions, results in initiation and gradual propagation of a crack or cracks. Complete fracture ensues when the crack reaches critical size. Fatigue...
Abstract
This article commences with a summary of fatigue processes and mechanisms. It focuses on fractography of fatigue. Characteristic fatigue fracture features that can be discerned visually or under low magnification are described. Typical microscopic features observed on structural metals are presented subsequently, followed by a brief discussion of fatigue in nonmetals. The article reviews the various macroscopic and microscopic features to characterize the history and growth rate of fatigue in metals. It concludes with a description of fatigue of polymers and composites.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... loading that occurs in service due to vibration of the nozzles during filling and draining of the tank. Breeder reactors Crack propagation Fast nuclear reactors Storage tanks, design 316L UNS S31603 Fatigue fracture Background Upon arrival at the erection site, an AISI type 316L...
Abstract
Upon arrival at the erection site, an AISI type 316L stainless steel tank intended for storage of fast breeder test reactor coolant (liquid sodium) exhibited cracks on its shell at two of four shell/nozzle fillet-welded joint regions. The tank had been transported from the manufacturer to the erection site by road, a distance of about 800 km (500 mi). During transport, the nozzles were kept at an angle of 45 deg to the vertical because of low clearance heights in road tunnels. The two damaged joints were unsupported at their ends inside the vessel, unlike the two uncracked nozzles. Surface examination showed ratchet marks at the edges of the fracture surface, indicating that loading was of the rotating bending type. Electron fractography using the two-stage replica method revealed striation marks characteristic of fatigue fracture. The striations indicated that the cracks had advanced on many “mini-fronts,” also indicative of nonuniform loading such as rotating bending. It was recommended that a support be added at the inside end of the nozzles to rigidly connect with the shell. In addition to avoiding transport problems, this design modification would reduce fatigue loading that occurs in service due to vibration of the nozzles during filling and draining of the tank.
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
metal. (b) Fractograph showing marks of fatigue crack propagation from multiple origins (two are indicated by arrows) on inside surface of housing. Original magnification: 10½×. (c) Micrograph of a specimen taken from an area remote from the fracture and etched in aqueous FeCl 3 , showing large voids
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