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energy dispersive x-ray analysis
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in An Investigation of Shell and Detail Cracking in Railroad Rails
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Rail and Rolling Stock
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 9 Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis along the streak in rail 5-1 (reduced 30% in reproduction).
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in An Investigation of Shell and Detail Cracking in Railroad Rails
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Rail and Rolling Stock
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 11 Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis inside the crack in the shell in rail 5-1 (reduced one-third in reproduction).
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Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 4 Energy-dispersive analysis (EDX) of X-ray of the precipitated particles at (a) grain boundaries and (b) plain area of grain boundaries
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... pronounced at the tie rod end of the failure. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of fracture surfaces from the bellows showed the presence of chlorine and sulfur. Failure of the bellows was attributed to stress-corrosion cracking, with chlorine and sulfur being the corroding agents. The rod damage...
Abstract
A tie rod, nut, and bellows from a failed 610 mm (24 in.) diam tied universal expansion joint that carried tail gases consisting of N 2 + O 2 with slight traces of nitrogen oxides and water were examined. The materials were SA 193-B7 (AISI 4140), SA 194–214, and Incoloy 800H, respectively. Visual examination of the bellows revealed cracks in heavily cold-worked areas (both inside and outside) and considerable corrosion. SEM analysis showed a classical intergranular failure pattern with microcracking. The threaded tie rod microstructure contained spheroidized carbide that was more pronounced at the tie rod end of the failure. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of fracture surfaces from the bellows showed the presence of chlorine and sulfur. Failure of the bellows was attributed to stress-corrosion cracking, with chlorine and sulfur being the corroding agents. The rod damage was the result of failure of the bellows, which allowed escaping hot gases to impinge on the tie rods and heat them to approximately 595 deg C (1100 deg F). It was recommended that the insulation be analyzed to determine the origin of the chlorine and sulfur and that it be replaced if necessary.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
...) inspection, ultrasonic testing (UT), and evaluation of the external cathodic protection (CP) system were used in the failure analysis. The corrosion products were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The failure is attributed to the ingress of water and its impoundment under the tank...
Abstract
This paper describes the investigation of a corrosion failure of bottom plates on an aboveground tank used for the storage of potable water. The tank was internally inspected for the first time after six years of service. Paint blisters and rust spots were observed on the bottom plates and first to third course shell plates. Sand blasting and repainting of the bottom plates and first course shell plates was to be used as a remedial measure. However, during the sand blasting, holes and deep pitting were observed on the bottom plates. On-site visual inspection, magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection, ultrasonic testing (UT), and evaluation of the external cathodic protection (CP) system were used in the failure analysis. The corrosion products were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The failure is attributed to the ingress of water and its impoundment under the tank bottom along the periphery inside the ring wall and failure of water side epoxy coating. Various measures to prevent such failures in the future are recommended.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0006417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A cadmium-plated 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo steel ballast elbow assembly was submitted for failure analysis to determine the element or radical present in an oxidation product found inside the elbow assembly. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis in the SEM showed that iron was the predominant species...
Abstract
A cadmium-plated 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo steel ballast elbow assembly was submitted for failure analysis to determine the element or radical present in an oxidation product found inside the elbow assembly. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis in the SEM showed that iron was the predominant species, presumably in an oxide form. The inside surface had the appearance of typical corrosion products. Hardness measurements indicated that the 4340 steel was heat treated to a strength of approximately 862 MPa (125 ksi). It was concluded that the oxide detected on the ballast elbow was iron oxide. The possibility that the corrosion products would eventually create a blockage of the affected hole was great considering the small hole diameter (4.2 mm, or 0.165 in.). It was recommended that a quick fix to stop the corrosion would be to apply a corrosion inhibitor inside the hole. This, however, would cause the possibility of inhibitor buildup and the eventual clogging of the hole. A change in the manufacturing process to include a cadmium plating on the hole inside surface was recommended. This was to be accomplished in accordance with MIL specification QQ-P-416, Type II, Class 1. A material change to 300-series stainless steel was also recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001826
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... testing, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The tube was made from SA 210A1 carbon steel that had been compromised by wall thinning and the accumulation of fire and water-side scale deposits. Investigators determined that the tube failed due to prolonged...
Abstract
A back wall riser tube in a high pressure boiler failed, interrupting operations in a cogeneration plant. The failure occurred in a tube facing the furnace, causing eight ruptured openings over a 1.8 m section. The investigation consisted of an on-site visual inspection, nondestructive testing, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The tube was made from SA 210A1 carbon steel that had been compromised by wall thinning and the accumulation of fire and water-side scale deposits. Investigators determined that the tube failed due to prolonged caustic attack that led to ruptures in areas of high stress. The escaping steam eroded the outer surface of the tube causing heavy loss of metal around the rupture points.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... nickel alloy intergranular cracking energy dispersive x-ray analysis corrosion rate Monel 400 (nickel-copper alloy) UNS N04400 Introduction The petrochemical industry constitutes an active field for applied failure analysis. A wide range of potential failure mechanisms exists because...
Abstract
A bent Ni-Cu Monel 400 alloy tube, which operated as part of a pipeline in a petrochemical distillery, failed by through-thickness cracking. The pipeline was used to carry a stream of gaseous hydrocarbons containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) into a reaction tower. The tower provided a caustic solution (NaOH) to remove HCl from the stream, before the latter was directed to a burner. Metallographic examination showed that the cracks were intergranular and were frequently branched. Although nominal chemical composition of the component was found within the specified range, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) indicated significant segregation of sulfur and chlorine along the grain boundaries. Failure was attributed to hypochlorous-acid (HClO)-induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The HClO was formed by the reaction of HCl with atmospheric O 2 that entered the tube during shutdowns and startups. Residual stresses, originating from in situ bend forming of the tube during assembly of the line, provided a driving force for crack growth, and the segregation of sulfur on grain boundaries made the material more susceptible to cracking.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001342
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... was disassembled and examined to determine the cause of failure. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis revealed significant peaks for chlorine and phosphorus, indicating failure by chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Cracks in the liner and bellows exhibited a branched pattern also typical of SCC. Cracks through...
Abstract
A type 321 stainless steel downcomer expansion joint that handled process gases was found to be leaking approximately 2 to 3 weeks after installation. The expansion joint was the second such coupling placed in the plant after failure of the original bellows. The failed joint was disassembled and examined to determine the cause of failure. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis revealed significant peaks for chlorine and phosphorus, indicating failure by chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Cracks in the liner and bellows exhibited a branched pattern also typical of SCC. Cracks through the inner liner initiated on the outer surface of the liner and propagated inward, whereas cracks in the bellows originated on the inner surface and propagated outward. Stress-corrosion cracking of the assembly was caused by chloride contaminants trapped inside the bellows following hydrostatic testing. Checking the test fluid for chloride and removing all fluids after hydrostatic testing were recommended to prevent further failure.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... bead of metal sticking to the blade surface in each case. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the cracks initiated at the point of contact of the bead with the blade surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the bead composition was the same as that of the blade. Detailed...
Abstract
The cause of low fatigue life measurements obtained during routine fatigue testing of IMI 550 titanium alloy compressor blades used in the first stage of the high-pressure compressor of an aeroengine was investigated. The origin of the fatigue cracks was associated with a spherical bead of metal sticking to the blade surface in each case. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the cracks initiated at the point of contact of the bead with the blade surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the bead composition was the same as that of the blade. Detailed investigation revealed that fused material from the blade had been thrown onto the cold blade surface during a grinding operation to remove the targeting bosses from the forgings, thereby causing local embrittlement. It was recommended that extreme care be taken during grinding operations to prevent the hot, fused particles from striking the blade surface.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048400
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract Cerclage wire, which was used with two screws and washers for a tension band in a corrective internal fixation, was found broken at several points and corroded after nine months in service. The material was examined using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis and determined...
Abstract
Cerclage wire, which was used with two screws and washers for a tension band in a corrective internal fixation, was found broken at several points and corroded after nine months in service. The material was examined using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis and determined not to be in compliance with standards (type 304 stainless steel without molybdenum). The screws and washers were found to be made of remelted implant-quality type 316L stainless steel and were intact. Signs of sensitization, characterized by chromium carbide precipitates at the grain boundaries, were revealed by the microstructure. Intercrystalline corrosion with pitted grains was indicated by SEM fractography. Improper heat treatment of the steel was interpreted to have led to intercrystalline corrosion and implant separation.
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 11 Holistic approach for sample and data collection in the identification of microbiologically influenced corrosion in a field corrosion site. XRD, x-ray diffraction; EDX, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; MPN, most probable number; MMM, molecular
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in Metallurgical Examinations of a Fragmented Blank Firing Adapter and Associated Components from an M-16 Rifle
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Intercrystalline corrosion of a type 304 stainless steel cerclage wire. (a) Broken cerclage wire. (b) Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis under the scanning electron microscope. Lower spectrum: reference material type 316L screw material. Upper spectrum: type 304 steel with less nickel
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in Intercrystalline Corrosion on Cerclage Wire of Sensitized 304 Type Stainless Steel
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Medical and Biomedical Devices
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Intercrystalline corrosion of a type 304 stainless steel cerclage wire. (a) Broken cerclage wire. (b) Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis under the scanning electron microscope. Lower spectrum: reference material type 316L screw material. Upper spectrum: type 304 steel with less nickel
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Published: 01 January 2002
or severely cracked. (b) The fracture surfaces of the nuts were oxidized and tarnished; purple, blue, and golden-yellow colors were sometimes evident. (c) SEM revealed brittle intercrystalline fracture surfaces. (d) Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed that the fracture surfaces were covered with a thin
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Published: 15 January 2021
. (a) The nuts were fragmented or severely cracked. (b) The fracture surfaces of the nuts were oxidized and tarnished; purple, blue, and golden-yellow colors were sometimes evident. (c) Scanning electron microscopy revealed brittle intercrystalline fracture surfaces. (d) Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048702
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
.... Investigation Metallographic analysis, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction were used to analyze the tube and deposit samples. A thick, nonuniform black scale was present over the entire inside surface of the tube. When this scale was removed, large pits filled with a green deposit...
Abstract
An aluminum brass seawater surface condenser failed due to pitting after less than one year of service. Large pits filled with a green deposit were evidenced under the nonuniform black scale present over the entire inside surface of the tube. The black deposit was identified as primarily copper sulfide, with zinc and aluminum sulfides while the green deposit was revealed to be copper chloride. The combination of sulfide and chloride attack on the tubes was concluded to have resulted in the failure. Injection of ferrous sulfate upstream of the condenser which could aid the formation of protective oxide films was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... as a perturbation from the shell crack under cyclic loading and is constrained to develop as an embedded flaw in the early stages of growth because the crack is impeded at the gage side and surface of the rail head by compressive longitudinal stresses. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis Rails (railroad) Shell...
Abstract
A failure analysis case study on railroad rails is presented. The work, performed under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, addresses the problem of shell and detail fracture formation in standard rails. Fractographic and metallographic results coupled with hardness and residual stress measurements are presented. These results suggest that the shell fractures form on the plane of maximum residual tensile stresses. The formation of the shells is aided by the presence of defects in the material in these planes of maximum residual stress. The detail fracture forms as a perturbation from the shell crack under cyclic loading and is constrained to develop as an embedded flaw in the early stages of growth because the crack is impeded at the gage side and surface of the rail head by compressive longitudinal stresses.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.usage.c9001662
EISBN: 978-1-62708-236-5
... on the facets of tantalum grains. An energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of the weld, heat-affected zone, and the base metal showed no significant differences in material composition. Metallographic Examination Subsequently, a metallographic examination was carried out on the tantalum welds...
Abstract
A steam heated exchanger was designed for concentrating sulfuric acid. Tantalum was selected for the tubing and the tube sheet liner because of its outstanding corrosion resistance. However, although the exchanger passed a searching shop inspection, it leaked during site testing. Considerable argument ensued about whether the cracking observed was due to poor welding during fabrication, or through abuse during handling on site. An SEM examination of the fractures revealed high cycle, low amplitude fatigue, and the problem was traced to vibration during road transport. Further failures were avoided by improved design and packing. This paper illustrated the value of SEM fractography when a rapid investigation is needed under the pressures of a fast moving project.
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