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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract The specified elongation of 10% could not be achieved in several hollow pinion gear shafts made of cast Cr-Mo steel GS 35 Cr-Mo 5 3 that were heat treated to a strength of 90 kp/sq mm. The steel was melted in a basic 3 ton arc furnace and deoxidized in the furnace and in the pan...
Abstract
The specified elongation of 10% could not be achieved in several hollow pinion gear shafts made of cast Cr-Mo steel GS 35 Cr-Mo 5 3 that were heat treated to a strength of 90 kp/sq mm. The steel was melted in a basic 3 ton arc furnace and deoxidized in the furnace and in the pan with a total of 7 kg aluminum. Fracture of a tensile specimen occurred with low elongation and, apparently, also with low reduction of area. In some places it was coarse grained conchoidal. It was found that the exceptionally low elongation of the cast specimens was due to excessive deoxidation by aluminum.
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in Failure Analysis of a Radio-Activated Accelerator Component
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 24 Total elongation (in tension) as a function of dose for the current tests (♦), data from Ref 10 (▪), and neutron-irradiated alloy 718 from EBR II (X, Δ) 1
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in Brittleness in Copper and Copper Alloys With Particular Reference to Hydrogen Embrittlement
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 20 Showing minimum elongation of copper in region of 550°–600°C.
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in Investigation of Cracking and Erratic Behavior of the Uranium-Titanium Alloy
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Subsurface inclusion cluster of tensile specimen with 7% elongation.
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in Metallurgical Failure Analysis of a Propane Tank Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 6 Microstructure of sample 2a, 6.3 mm (¼ in.) from fracture. Elongation of grains is due to elevated-temperature deformation.
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in Metallurgical Failure Analysis of a Propane Tank Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 8 Microstructure of sample 2a at fracture. Severe elongation of grains is observed due to elevated-temperature deformation. Similar elongation was seen at all locations on side A where substantial thinning had occurred.
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in The Role of Impact Energy in Failure of Explosive Cladding of Inconel 625 and Steel
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 10 Severe elongation of grains in formed adiabatic shear bands in vicinity of interface
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in Corrosion Failure of the Rocky Point Viaduct
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Buildings, Bridges, and Infrastructure
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Polarized light image (90×) of elongate yellow-hued carbonate-enriched reaction product
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in Failure Analysis of a Spoon Broken by a Parapsychic Person
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Household Products and Consumer Goods
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 6 Region showing elongated dimples (microvoid coalescence) in the exemplar torsional load specimen.
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in Fractures of Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Anchor Bolts in Chemical Plant Construction Project
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 9 Typical elongated grain structure in longitudinal cross section through severe bend area of unfractured bolt. Nital etch.
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Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 SEM micrographs of the failed unit. Note elongated grains at the cup rim. (a) Higher-magnification view of boxed area in (b).
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in Failure Analysis: Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of A216-WCC Wellhead Flow Control Valve Body
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 8 Hydrogen induced microcracks emanated from ( a ) elongated FeS, ( b ) acicular MnS inclusion in A216 steel
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in Failure of a Transport Aircraft Relay Valve Guide
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 1 Rear valve guide, showing transverse fracture through an elongated hole. No plastic deformation was evident around the fracture zone.
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in Failure of AISI Type 347 Stainless Steel Bellows
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1993
Fig. 3 Microstructure of the bellows material, showing flow lines and elongated grains
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0091669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... of the aluminum alloy coupling nuts was caused by stress corrosion. Contributing factors included use of a material that is susceptible to this type of failure, sustained tensile stressing in the presence of a marine (chloride-bearing) atmosphere, and an elongated grain structure transverse to the direction...
Abstract
During a routine inspection, cracks were discovered in several aluminum alloy (similar to either 2014 or 2017) coupling nuts on the fuel lines of a missile. The fuel lines had been exposed to a marine atmosphere for six months while the missile stood on an outdoor test stand near the seacoast. A complete check was then made, both visually and with the aid of a low-power magnifying glass, of all coupling nuts of this type on the missile. Investigation (visual inspection, spectrographic and chemical analysis, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the cracking of the aluminum alloy coupling nuts was caused by stress corrosion. Contributing factors included use of a material that is susceptible to this type of failure, sustained tensile stressing in the presence of a marine (chloride-bearing) atmosphere, and an elongated grain structure transverse to the direction of stress. The elongated grain structure transverse to the direction of stress was a consequence of following the generally used procedure of machining this type of nut from bar stock. Recommendations included changing the materials specification for new coupling nuts for this application to permit use of only aluminum alloys 6061-T6 and T651 and 2024-T6, T62, and T851.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0047694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... Abstract Extra high strength zinc-coated 1080 steel welded wire was wound into seven-wire cable strands for use in aerial cables and guy wires. The wires and cable strands failed tensile, elongation, and wrap tests, with wires fracturing near welds at 2.5 to 3.5% elongation and through...
Abstract
Extra high strength zinc-coated 1080 steel welded wire was wound into seven-wire cable strands for use in aerial cables and guy wires. The wires and cable strands failed tensile, elongation, and wrap tests, with wires fracturing near welds at 2.5 to 3.5% elongation and through the welded joints in wrap tests. The welded wire was annealed by resistance heating. The wire ends had a chisel shape, produced by the use of sidecutters. Tests of the heat treatment temperatures showed that the wire near the weld area exceeded 775 deg C (1425 deg F). Metallographic examination revealed martensite present in the weld area after the heat treatment. The test failures of the AISI 1080 steel wire butt-welded joints were due to martensite produced in cooling from the welding operation that was not tempered adequately in postweld heat treatment, and to poor wire-end preparation for welding that produced poorly formed weld burrs. The postweld heat treatment was standardized on the 760 deg C (1400 deg F) transformation treatment. The chisel shape of the wire ends was abandoned in favor of flat filed ends. The wrap test was improved by adopting a hand-cranked device. Under these conditions, the welded joints withstood the tensile and wrap tests.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c9001154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... Abstract The cause of fracture of two piston rods of hammers of a drop forge was determined. The first rod of 180 mm diam consisted of an unalloyed steel with 0.37% C and 0.67% Mn and had a strength of 56 kp/sq mm at 26% elongation. Fatigue fractures propagated from several points which could...
Abstract
The cause of fracture of two piston rods of hammers of a drop forge was determined. The first rod of 180 mm diam consisted of an unalloyed steel with 0.37% C and 0.67% Mn and had a strength of 56 kp/sq mm at 26% elongation. Fatigue fractures propagated from several points which could be recognized as flaky cracks already in the fracture, and which later were united. No material defects could be detected in the cross section parallel to the fracture plane except for these very short cracks. These comparatively insignificant defects were sufficient to cause the fracture during high impact fatigue stresses in the drop forge. The second piston rod of 120 mm diam consisted of a steel with 0.25% C and 1.00% Mn. It allegedly had 57 kp/sq mm tensile strength and 26% elongation. The basic structure of the 120 mm piston rod was ferritic-pearlitic and hardness of 155 Brinell was accordingly low, corresponding to approximately 53 kp/sq mm tensile strength. The incipient fractures had no connection with the material defects in this shaft and therefore the fracture could not have been caused by them. Probably the low strength of the piston rod was insufficient for the high stresses.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001712
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A failure analysis was conducted in late 1996 on two rolls that had been used in the production of iron and steel powder. The rolls had elongated over their length such that the roll trunnions had impacted with the furnace wall refractory. The result was distortion and bowing...
Abstract
A failure analysis was conducted in late 1996 on two rolls that had been used in the production of iron and steel powder. The rolls had elongated over their length such that the roll trunnions had impacted with the furnace wall refractory. The result was distortion and bowing of the roll bodies which necessitated their removal from service. The initial analysis found large quantities of nitrogen had been absorbed by the roll shell. Further research indicated nitrogen pickup accounted for 3% volumetric growth for every 1% by weight nitrogen absorption. This expansion was sufficient to account for the dimensional change observed in the failed rolls. This paper details the failure analysis and resulting research it inspired. It also provides recommendations for cast material choice in highly nitriding atmospheres.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c0046911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... along elongated ferrite bands, possibly because silicon was dissolved in the ferrite and thus made it more susceptible to attack by the molten zinc. Recommendations included rewelding the vat using the manual shielded metal arc process with at least four passes on each side. Hot dip galvanizing...
Abstract
A steel galvanizing vat measuring 3 x 1.2 x 1.2 m (10 x 4 x 4 ft) and made of 19 mm thick carbon steel plate (ASTM A285, grade B)) at a shipbuilding and ship-repair facility failed after only three months of service. To verify suspected failure cause, two T joints were made in 12.5 mm thick ASTM A285, grade B, steel plate. One joint was welded using the semiautomatic submerged arc process with one pass on each side. A second joint was welded manually by the shielded metal arc process using E6010 welding rod and four passes on each side. The silicon content of the shielded metal arc weld was 0.54%, whereas that of the submerged arc weld was 0.86%. After being weighed, the specimens were submerged in molten zinc for 850 h. Analysis (visual inspection, chemical analysis, 100x 2% nital-etched micrographs) supported the conclusions that the vat failed due to molten-zinc corrosion along elongated ferrite bands, possibly because silicon was dissolved in the ferrite and thus made it more susceptible to attack by the molten zinc. Recommendations included rewelding the vat using the manual shielded metal arc process with at least four passes on each side.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0047991
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... austenitized. Displacement of metal on the outer raceway was revealed by elongation of grain structure. It was concluded that the failure of the raceway surface was due to incomplete austenitization caused by the improper heat treatment during flame hardening process. Antennas Austenitizing Bearing...
Abstract
Deformation, surface cracking, and spalling on the raceway of the outer ring (made of 4140 steel) of a large bearing caused it to be replaced from a radar antenna. The raceway surfaces were to be flame hardened to 55 HRC minimum and 50 HRC 3.2 mm below the surface, according to specifications. Samples from both the inner and outer rings were examined. A much lower hardness (25.2 to 18.9 HRC) was indicated during a vertical traverse 4.1 cm from the outer surface of the outer ring while slightly lower hardness values (46.8 to 54.8 HRC) were seen on the hardness traverse on the inner ring raceway. The lower hardness values were attributed to improper flame hardening. It was confirmed by metallographic examination of a 3% nital etched sample that the inner ring (tempered martensite and ferrite) and the outer ring (ferrite, scattered patches of pearlite, and martensite) were not properly austenitized. Displacement of metal on the outer raceway was revealed by elongation of grain structure. It was concluded that the failure of the raceway surface was due to incomplete austenitization caused by the improper heat treatment during flame hardening process.
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