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David Arencón Osuna, Marcelo de Sousa Pais Antunes, Vera Cristina de Redondo Realinho, José Ignacio Velasco
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dynamic deformation
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006930
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... that are predominantly in the solid state and the methods employed for solids testing. Examples of unidirectional and dynamic oscillatory testing are provided for different mechanical behaviors. deformation flow behavior polymers rheological testing Rheology Fundamentals Rheology is defined as the study...
Abstract
Rheology is defined as the study of the flow and deformation of matter. This article begins with an examination of flow behavior. It describes the geometries and methods employed for rheological testing of polymers in their molten state. It also discusses materials that are predominantly in the solid state and the methods employed for solids testing. Examples of unidirectional and dynamic oscillatory testing are provided for different mechanical behaviors.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
.... A close examination of wire that had been flown several times without failure was also made, and dynamic tests were conducted to investigate the fracture characteristics of wire subjected to dynamic loading. It was concluded that dynamic shock loading transmitted by the target during unsteady flight...
Abstract
Over a period of 2 or 3 years, 40 to 50 premature failures of drawn high-tensile, pearlitic high-carbon (0.8 wt% C) steel wires used as cables for towing targets behind aircraft occurred. Six service failures were examined in detail. Four types of failure characteristics were noted. A close examination of wire that had been flown several times without failure was also made, and dynamic tests were conducted to investigate the fracture characteristics of wire subjected to dynamic loading. It was concluded that dynamic shock loading transmitted by the target during unsteady flight conditions was the major cause of failure. Recommendations emphasized the need for a suitable shock absorber to be fitted at the constant-tensioning device of the winch system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006941
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and temperature superposability, dynamic tests can be run at different temperatures in order to judge the change in the viscoelastic behavior of a material for experimentally inaccessible frequency ranges, or vice versa ( Ref 5 , 8 , 10 ). Time-Temperature Superposition Principle The deformational...
Abstract
This article describes the viscoelastic behavior of plastics in their solid state only, from the standpoint of the material deforming without fracturing. The consequences of viscoelasticity on the mechanical properties of plastics are described, especially in terms of time-dependencies, as well as the dependence of the viscoelastic character of a plastic on chemical, physical, and compositional variables. By examining the viscoelastic behavior of plastics, the information obtained are then applied in situations in which it may be important to anticipate the long-term properties of a material. This includes assessing the extent of stress decay in materials that are pre-stressed, the noise and vibration transmission characteristics of a material, the amount of heat build-up in a material subjected to cyclic deformation, and the extent a material can recover from any prior deformation. Several qualitative graphs are presented, which highlights the possible differences in the viscoelastic behavior that can exist among plastics.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001851
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
...: This mode is independent from the running speed. Fig. 8 Natural frequencies of studied spinning system Fig. 9 Deformed shape of the second coupled mode (5000 rpm); 1st mode Fig. 10 Deformed shape of the disc mode (5000 rpm); 3rd mode Dynamic Response The frequency...
Abstract
Shaft misalignment and rotor unbalance contribute to the premature failure of many machine components. To understand how these failures occur and quantify the effects, investigators developed a model of a rotating assembly, including a motor, flexible coupling, driveshaft, and bearings. Equations of motion accounting for misalignment and unbalance were then derived using finite elements. A spectral method for resolving these equations was also developed, making it possible to obtain and analyze dynamic system response and identify misalignment and unbalance conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006919
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and expected range of temperature in application. Along these lines, a way to estimate the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature as a function of deformation rate based on the dynamic mechanical testing of plastics was suggested ( Ref 24 ). Good agreement between estimates and experimental data from...
Abstract
This article reviews the impact response of plastic components and the various methods used to evaluate it.. It describes the effects of loading rate on polymer deformation and the influence of temperature and strain rate on failure mode. It discusses the advantages and limitations of standard impact tests, the use of puncture tests for assessing material behavior under extreme strain, and the application of fracture mechanics for analyzing impact failures. It also develops and demonstrates the theory involved in the design and analysis of thin-walled, injection-molded plastic components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... are derived, which describe the balance between elasticity, viscosity, and energy absorption. Standard methods are given in ISO 6721 and ASTM D5023 to D5026. Because dynamic properties are usually measured with small deformations, they involve only relative displacement of polymer segments in the linear...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. It describes the test methods and provides comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are also briefly described. The article discusses the processes involved in the short-term and long-term tensile testing of plastics. Information on the strength/modulus and deflection tests, impact toughness, hardness testing, and fatigue testing of plastics is also provided. The article describes tension testing of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001767
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... using optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The exterior surfaces of all six brackets were alike and shared similar features, including witness marks, discoloration, mechanical deformation, and secondary cracking...
Abstract
Six transformer brackets failed in service, sending a group of three pole-mounted transformers to the ground below. The brackets were made from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin and had been in service for more than 30 years. Remnants of the fractured brackets were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The exterior surfaces of all six brackets were alike and shared similar features, including witness marks, discoloration, mechanical deformation, and secondary cracking, along with crack networks. Both FTIR and TGA analyses indicated that the surface material was in a highly degraded state, likely due to weathering and thermal and ultraviolet exposure. This, in turn, led to the formation of cracks that propagated under the cyclic forces of vibration and wind. As the cracks grew larger, the weight of the transformer eventually overloaded the brackets, resulting in failure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... in the 1970s. These protocols still can be used to measure the rheological properties of materials, including powders, solutions, melts, and solids ( Ref 21 – 24 ). In principle, a small amount of material is dynamically oscillated over a fixed arc or amplitude. Response to this deformation is continuously...
Abstract
This article addresses some established protocols for characterizing thermoplastics and whether they are homogeneous resins, alloyed, or blended compositions or highly modified thermoplastic composites. It begins with a discussion on characterizing mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of polymer. This is followed by a section describing molecular weight determination using viscosity measurements. Next, the article discusses the use of cone and plate and parallel plate geometries in melt rheology. It then reviews the processes involved in the analysis of thermoplastic resins by chromatography. Finally, the article covers three operations of thermoanalysis, namely differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermomechanical testing.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c9001135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
... the microstructure, chemistry and hardness of the steel and measuring the dynamic toughness and fatigue crack growth rates in the banded region. By noting these differences, bridge engineers can re-evaluate existing designs and modify current bridge inspection procedures. The steel used in the construction...
Abstract
In 1979, during a routine bridge inspection, a fatigue crack was discovered in the top flange plate of one tie girder in a tied arch bridge crossing the Mississippi River. Metallographic analysis indicated a banding or segregation problem in the middle of the plate, where the carbon content was twice what it should have been. Based on this and results of ultrasonic testing, which revealed that the banding occurred in 24-ft lengths, it was decided to close the bridge and replace the defective steel. The steel used in the construction of this bridge was specified as ASTM A441, commonly used in structural applications. Testing showed an increase in hardness and weight percent carbon and manganese in the banded region. Further testing revealed that the area containing the segregation and coarse grain structure had a lower than expected toughness and a transition temperature 90 deg F higher than specified by the ASTM standards. The fatigue crack growth rate through this area was much faster than expected. All of these property changes resulted from increased carbon levels, higher yield strength, and larger than normal grain size.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001797
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Abstract Cam crack failures are a common occurrence in cam-follower systems often caused by excessive loading or inappropriate operating conditions. An investigation into such a failure was conducted to assess the effect of cam crack damage on the dynamic behavior of cam-follower systems...
Abstract
Cam crack failures are a common occurrence in cam-follower systems often caused by excessive loading or inappropriate operating conditions. An investigation into such a failure was conducted to assess the effect of cam crack damage on the dynamic behavior of cam-follower systems. It was shown both theoretically and experimentally that a cracked cam causes an overall reduction in stiffness. To further probe the effect, investigators derived an analytical formula expressing the time varying stiffness of a cam-follower system. They also succeeded in quantifying the relationship between crack size and stiffness, showing that cracks have an amplitude modulating effect.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
... subjected to a bend test by wedging them open by means of a chisel inserted in the saw-cut and they all failed by progressive tearing at the weld with little evidence of prior plastic deformation; three of them are illustrated in Figure 1(c) . Three other specimens were cut from apparently sound links...
Abstract
Following three similar failures of load chains on manually operated geared pulley-blocks of 1-ton capacity, a portion of one of the chains was obtained for examination. The chain was made of mild steel and the links had been electrically butt-welded at one side. In the case of the sample obtained, the failure in service had resulted from fracture of one of the links in the plane of the weld. Six of the other links in the vicinity showed cracks in the welds in various stages of development. Microscope examination showed a crack in an early stage of development and also from an apparently sound link, the prepared surfaces lying in the planes of the links. This examination revealed that the welds were initially defective. Discontinuities were present in both cases adjacent to the insides of the links, of a type indicative of either inadequate fusion or incomplete expulsion of oxide, etc., at the time of the upset, i.e. the pressing together of the ends of the links to complete the welding. It was evident from the examination that the service failures were due to the use of chain that was initially defective.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006910
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... at the crack tip and elastic behavior throughout the remainder of the specimen, whereas in the actual materials, viscoelastic deformation of some form or another occurs in the bulk of the specimen. The presence of inelasticity in the entire specimen as well as at the crack tip results in additional energy...
Abstract
There are many different types of polymeric materials, ranging from glassy to semicrystalline polymers and even blends. Their mechanical properties range from pure elastic with very high strains to fracture (elastomers) to almost pure linear elastic (Hookian behavior) with low strains to fracture (glassy polymers). This article provides an overview of historical development of fracture behavior in polymers. It discusses the processes involved in three fracture test methods for polymers, namely linear elastic fracture mechanics, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and post-yield fracture mechanics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006773
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to assist in a structural design failure analysis. A traditional closed-form analytical technique, such as beam analysis or plate theory, provides a simple and quick way to estimate stresses and deformations in structures and components. It is usually the first technique in both the design of a component...
Abstract
When complex designs, transient loadings, and nonlinear material behavior must be evaluated, computer-based techniques are used. This is where the finite-element analysis (FEA) is most applicable and provides considerable assistance in design analysis as well as failure analysis. This article provides a general view on the applicability of finite-element modeling in conducting analyses of failed components. It highlights the uses of finite-element modeling in the area of failure analysis and design, with emphasis on structural analysis. The discussion covers the general development and both general- and special-purpose applications of FEA. The special-purpose applications of FEA covered are piping and pressure vessel analysis, impact analysis, and microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems analysis. The article provides case histories that involved the use of FEA in failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003526
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... analysis or plate theory provides a simple and quick way to estimate stresses and deformations in structures and components. It is usually the first technique in both the design of a component and in the analysis of a failed component. However it has its limitations in that only relatively simple...
Abstract
This article provides information on the development of finite element analysis (FEA) and describes the general-purpose applications of FEA software programs in structural and thermal, static and transient, and linear and nonlinear analyses. It discusses special-purpose finite element applications in piping and pressure vessel analysis, impact analysis, and microelectronics. The article describes the steps involved in the design process using the FEA. It concludes with two case histories that involve the use of FEA in failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627082952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... fatigue fracture transient torsional overloading medium carbon steel spline teeth deformation stress analysis fracture toughness SAE/AISI 1045 (medium-carbon alloy steel) UNS G10450 Introduction All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) can be considered fourwheeled motorcycles for off-road operation...
Abstract
This paper presents a failure analysis of a reverse shaft in the transmission system of an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). The reverse shaft with splines fractured into two pieces during operation. Visual examination of the fractured surface clearly showed cracks initiated from the roots of spline teeth. To find out the cause of fracture of the shaft, a finite element analysis was carried out to predict the stress state of the shaft under steady loading and shock loading, respectively. The steady loading was produced under normal operation, while the shock loading could be generated by an abrupt change of operation such as start-up or sudden braking during working. Results of stress analysis reveal that the highest stressed area coincided with the fractured regions of the failed shaft. The maximum stress predicted under shock loading exceeded the yield strength and was believed to be the stimulant for crack initiation and propagation at this weak region. The failure analysis thus showed that the premature fatigue fracture of the shaft was caused by abnormal operation. Finally, some suggestions to enhance service durability of the transmission system of ATV are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Definitions and Basics The mechanical behavior of materials is described by their deformation and fracture characteristics under applied tensile, compressive, or multiaxial stresses. Determination of this mechanical behavior is influenced by several factors that include metallurgical/material variables...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Two type 316L stainless steel orthopedic screws broke approximately 6 weeks after surgical implant. The screws had been used to fasten a seven-hole narrow dynamic compression plate to a patient's spine. The broken screws and screws of the same vintage and source were examined using...
Abstract
Two type 316L stainless steel orthopedic screws broke approximately 6 weeks after surgical implant. The screws had been used to fasten a seven-hole narrow dynamic compression plate to a patient's spine. The broken screws and screws of the same vintage and source were examined using macrofractography, SEM fractography, and hardness testing. Fractography established that fracture was by fatigue and that the fatigue cracking originated at corrosion pits. Hardness while below specification, still indicated that the screws were in the cold-worked condition and notch sensitive during fatigue loading. Use of a steel with a higher molybdenum content (317L) in the annealed condition was recommended.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0048407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... was replated with an angled blade plate, and compression was exerted on the pseudarthrosis to promote bone healing. Fig. 1 Crack initiation on type 316LR stainless steel dynamic compression plate. (a) Anterior-posterior radiograph. The plate was used to treat the nonunion of a fracture between...
Abstract
The plate used to treat a pseudarthrosis in the proximal femur was investigated for reasons of non-progress of healing. Fatigue cracks were revealed on the top surface of the small section of the plate at the fifth screw hole. The plate was found to be heavily loaded by comparison of intensity of these structures, compared to results of systematic crack-initiation experiments. It was revealed by fatigue bending tests that the fatigue life of plates with asymmetrically arranged holes is at least as long as for plates with holes situated in the center. Fatigue began at the large section only after a fatigue crack begins to propagate into the small plate section. A large secondary crack which had developed parallel to the main crack in the center of the surface was revealed. The fifth hole was situated at the transition between the supporting bone and the defect and hence stress concentration was revealed to be high.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS are unique in that they are exposed to the biochemical and dynamic environment of the body and their design is dictated by anatomy and restricted by physiological conditions. Orthopedic implants are artificial devices (allentheses) that are mounted to the skeletal system of the human body...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
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