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drilling
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c0051866
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract Coiled tubing used in drilling operations failed at the halfway point of its estimated fatigue life. The failure was found to be transverse to the tubing axis. Visual examination revealed a flat fracture surface extending 13 mm with the rest of the fracture showing shear lips...
Abstract
Coiled tubing used in drilling operations failed at the halfway point of its estimated fatigue life. The failure was found to be transverse to the tubing axis. Visual examination revealed a flat fracture surface extending 13 mm with the rest of the fracture showing shear lips indicative of tensile overload. The flat portion of the fracture surface was typical of fatigue cracking. Fatigue striations were revealed by SEM. Corrosion pitting on the tubing ID from which the fatigue crack had propagated were observed on closer examination. The corrosion pitting was speculated to have occurred when the tubing was idle and fluids accumulated at the bottom of the tubing wraps. The coiled tubing was concluded to have failed prematurely due to low-cycle fatigue initiated at corrosion pitting sites. Corrosive attack on the coiled tubing was recommended to be reduced by completely removing fluids or modifying the fluids in the tubing or purging by flowing dry nitrogen to dry it out.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract During natural gas drilling in the EMS region in 1956, considerable numbers of longitudinal cracks and transverse fractures occurred in the connecting pieces of the bore rods. The connectors were screwed onto the rods by means of a fine thread and tightly joined with it by shrinkage...
Abstract
During natural gas drilling in the EMS region in 1956, considerable numbers of longitudinal cracks and transverse fractures occurred in the connecting pieces of the bore rods. The connectors were screwed onto the rods by means of a fine thread and tightly joined with it by shrinkage at 530 deg C. The connectors were made of SAE 4140 Cr-Mo steel. The material for the rod pipes was Fe-0.4C-1Mn steel. Structural stresses played a role in the cracking. Iron sulfide formed on the fracture planes and flake-like stress cracks occurred in the steel. The hydrogen sulfide content of the gas was the cause of damage. Hydrogen liberated by reaction with the iron caused the formation of iron sulfide after penetration of the steel, which had an explosive effect during molecular separation under high pressure. This in turn caused the crack formation in conjunction with the external and residual stresses.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Fig. 1 The macromorphology of the drilling bit ( a ) the fracture surface; ( b ) the beach mark; ( c ) the crack of the tooth profile Fig. 2 SEM morphology of the spline: ( a ) A; ( b ) B; ( c ) C; ( d ) D; ( e ) area D-detail Fig. 3 SEM morphology of the area C...
Abstract
A masonry type drill bit, designed for impact drilling in rock, fractured after a short time in service. Samples of the failed bit were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, quantitative metallography, and chemical analysis. The composition was found to be that of 18CrNi3Mo steel. Investigators also found evidence of inclusions and prior austenite grain size, although it was determined that neither played a role in the failure. Rather, according to test data, the failure occurred because of stress concentration (due to geometric discontinuities along the tooth profiles) and the cumulative effect of torque and force loading (the byproduct of continuous twisting and axial impact). Cracks readily initiate under these conditions then propagate quickly through what was found to be networks of tempered martensite, thus resulting in premature failure.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... tension Abstract A wire hoisting rope on a drilling rig failed during a lift, after a few cycles of operation, causing extensive damage to support structures. The failure investigation that followed included mechanical property testing and chemical, metallurgical, and finite element analysis...
Abstract
A wire hoisting rope on a drilling rig failed during a lift, after a few cycles of operation, causing extensive damage to support structures. The failure investigation that followed included mechanical property testing and chemical, metallurgical, and finite element analysis. The rope was made from multiple strands of 1095 steel wire. Its chemical composition, ferrite-pearlite structure, and high hardness indicate that the wire is a type of extra improved plow steel (EEIPS grade). The morphologies of the fracture surfaces suggest that the wires were subjected to tensile overloading. This was confirmed by finite element analysis, which also revealed compressive contact stresses between the wires and between the rope and sheave surface. Based on the results, it was concluded that a tensile overload, due to the combined effect of a sudden load and undersized sheave, is what ultimately caused the rope to fail.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Cadmium-coated type 410 martensitic stainless steel 1 4 -14 self-drilling tapping screws fractured during retorquing tests within a few weeks after installation. The screws were used to assemble structural steel frames for granite panels that formed the outer skin of a high...
Abstract
Cadmium-coated type 410 martensitic stainless steel 1 4 -14 self-drilling tapping screws fractured during retorquing tests within a few weeks after installation. The screws were used to assemble structural steel frames for granite panels that formed the outer skin of a high-rise building. Fractographic and metallographic examination showed that the fractures occurred in a brittle manner from intergranular crack propagation. Laboratory and simulated environmental tests showed that an aqueous environment was necessary for the brittle fracture/cracking phenomenon. The cracks were singular and intergranular with little branching. Secondary subsurface cracks suggested possible hydrogen embrittlement. The 410 screws had been introduced to replace conventional case-hardened carbon steel screws that conform to SAE specification J78. Carbon steel screws had a proven record of acceptable performance for the intended application. It was recommended that use of the 410 screws be discontinued in preference to the case-hardened carbon steel screws.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c9001187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
... Abstract A stainless tool steel bone drill broke during an operation on a patient and was examined. It showed two fatigue fractures, one of which had started from a sharp-edged, coarsely milled slot (fracture A1), and the other from a point on the outer sheath surface which was not subjected...
Abstract
A stainless tool steel bone drill broke during an operation on a patient and was examined. It showed two fatigue fractures, one of which had started from a sharp-edged, coarsely milled slot (fracture A1), and the other from a point on the outer sheath surface which was not subjected to particularly high stresses (fracture A2). Fatigue fracture A1 resulted from the stress concentration built up at this point as a result of the sharp edges and the coarse machining grooves. The remains of a number, which had been inscribed with an electrical engraving tool for identification purposes, were found at the point of origin of fracture A2. The material had been heated to the melting point during the engraving of the number, and multiple cracking occurred during cooling. One of these cracks led to the development of fatigue fracture A2.
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in Failure Analysis of the 18CrNi3Mo Steel for Drilling Bit
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 1 The macromorphology of the drilling bit ( a ) the fracture surface; ( b ) the beach mark; ( c ) the crack of the tooth profile
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in Failure Analysis of the 18CrNi3Mo Steel for Drilling Bit
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 4 SEM morphology of the inner hole of the drilling bit
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in Failure Analysis of the 18CrNi3Mo Steel for Drilling Bit
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 9 The microstructure in the transverse direction section of the drilling bit
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract A fireball engulfed half of a drill rig while in the process of drilling a shot hole. Subsequent investigation revealed the cause of the fire was the failure of the oil return hose to the separator/receiver in the air compressor. The failed hose was a 50.8 mm 100R1 type hose...
Abstract
A fireball engulfed half of a drill rig while in the process of drilling a shot hole. Subsequent investigation revealed the cause of the fire was the failure of the oil return hose to the separator/receiver in the air compressor. The failed hose was a 50.8 mm 100R1 type hose, as specified in AS 3791-1991 Hydraulic Hoses. This type of hose consisted of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, a single medium-carbon steel wire braid reinforcement, and an oil-and-weather resistant synthetic rubber cover. The wire braiding was found to be severely corroded in the area of the failure zone. The physical cause of the hose failure was by severe localized corrosion of the layer of reinforcing braid wire at the transition between the coupling and the hose at the end of the ferrule. This caused a reduction of the wire cross-sectional area to the extent that the wires broke. Once the majority of the braid wires were broken there was not enough intrinsic strength in the rubber inner hose to resist the normal operating pressures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0046210
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... drilling, giving rise to surface defects. The fracture surface was characteristic of fatigue in that it was flat, relatively shiny, and exhibited beach marks. The crack surface was at a 45 deg angle to the axis of the shaft, indicating dominant tensile stresses. The material was the French designation...
Abstract
Several crankshaft failures occurred in equipment that was being used in logging operations in subzero temperatures. Failure usually initiated at a cracked pin oil hole, and the failure origin was approximately 7.6 mm (0.3 in.) from the shaft surface. The holes were produced by gun drilling, giving rise to surface defects. The fracture surface was characteristic of fatigue in that it was flat, relatively shiny, and exhibited beach marks. The crack surface was at a 45 deg angle to the axis of the shaft, indicating dominant tensile stresses. The material was the French designation AFNOR 38CD4 (similar to AISI type 4140H) and was in the quenched-and-tempered condition, with a yield strength of about 760 MPa (110 ksi). It was treated to have compressive surface stresses, and the prior-austenite grain size was ASTM 8. Analysis (visual inspection, stress analyses, and macrographs) supported the conclusion that failure was caused by fatigue stress caused by surface defects in the oil holes. Recommendation includes drilling the oil holes by a technique that essentially eliminates surface defects.
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Crack in drill of Fig. 1 , after being broken open, showing several fatigue fractures which had started from machining grooves. 15×
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in The Disruption of a Turbo-Alternator Gearbox
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 9 Showing smeared material at bore of drilled hole. (×100).
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in The Disruption of a Turbo-Alternator Gearbox
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 10 “Crack-line” defect at bore of drilled hole. (×100).
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in Problematic Failure Analysis of a Cast Steel Crankshaft[1]
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 13 A drilled hole with tool marking that was altered by the woody textured fracture plane
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in Failure of Derricking Shaft of Dragline Excavator
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Construction, Mining, and Agricultural Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Fatigue failure of shaft originating drilled radial hole.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Fracture surface where a welded connection failed in a drill pipe connection. (a) General view of part of the fracture surface, which was covered with rust. (b) High-magnification view (approximately 2000×) of the rust nodules on the fracture surface. (c) View of the fracture surface
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in Prevention of Machining-Related Failures
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Undesirable altered surface caused by dull drill bits in holemaking. (a) Section perpendicular to the drilled hole axis in high-strength alloy steel. (b) Cross section through a hole made in stainless steel with a dull drill bit. Original magnification: ~20×
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