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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract Hydrogen embrittlement is the brittleness affecting copper and copper alloys containing oxygen which develops during heat treatment at temperatures of about 400 deg C (752 deg F) and above in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement of copper and its...
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement is the brittleness affecting copper and copper alloys containing oxygen which develops during heat treatment at temperatures of about 400 deg C (752 deg F) and above in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement of copper and its alloys is illustrated by examples from practice and reference is made to data from recent publications on the subject. Embrittlement due to this cause can only be identified by microscopic examination because other modes of failure in copper; e.g., from heat cracking, mechanical overload, the formation of low melting point eutectics or corrosion; show a similar appearance when investigated on a macroscopic scale.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Copper alloy C70600 tube from a hydraulic-oil cooler. The cooler failed from crevice corrosion caused by dirt particles in river water that was used as a coolant. (a) Inner surface of hydraulic-oil cooler tube containing a hole (arrow A) and nodules (one of which is indicated by arrow B
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. 3 1 2 ×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region below. 100×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Copper alloy C44300 heat-exchanger tube that failed by impingement corrosion from turbulent flow of air and condensate along the shell-side surface. (a) Shell-side surface of tube showing damaged area. (b) Damaged surface showing ridges in affected area. 4×. (c) Unetched section through
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 43 SEM view of laboratory fatigue fracture of a 70-30 nickel-copper alloy showing mixed intergranular and transgranular morphology. Source: Ref 24
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 14 Comparison of SCC and corrosion fatigue cracks in copper alloy C26000 (cartridge brass, 70%). (a) Typical intergranular stress-corrosion cracks in tube that was drawn, annealed, and cold reduced 5%. The cracks show some branching. H 4 OH plus H 2 O etch, 150×. (b) Typical transgranular
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Copper alloy C70600 tube from a hydraulic-oil cooler. The cooler failed from crevice corrosion caused by dirt particles in river water that was used as a coolant. (a) Inner surface of hydraulic-oil cooler tube containing a hole (arrow A) and nodules (one of which is indicated by arrow B
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. Original magnification: 3.5×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 8 Copper alloy C44300 heat-exchanger tube that failed by impingement corrosion from turbulent flow of air and condensate along the shell-side surface. (a) Shell-side surface of tube showing damaged area. (b) Damaged surface showing ridges in affected area. Original magnification: 4×. (c
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in Plating Adherence Problems in Electronic Components
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Electroless nickel underplating and gold plating on a copper alloy CDA175 module retaining clip. (a) shows a good plated clip and (b) shows a bad clip with copper oxide (black layer) at the copper/alloy nickel plating interface, where the separation occurred.
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in Failure of Copper Alloy 443 Heat-Exchanger Tubes
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Copper alloy C44300 heat-exchanger tube that failed by impingement corrosion from turbulent flow of air and condensate along the shell-side surface. (a) Shell-side surface of tube showing damaged area. (b) Damaged surface showing ridges in affected area. 4×. (c) Unetched section through
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in Failure of Copper Alloy C27000 Innercooler Tubes for Air Compressors Because of Dezincification
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65% Cu) air-compressor innercooler tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Unetched longitudinal section through the tube. (b) Micrograph of an unetched specimen showing a thick uniform layer of porous, brittle copper on the inner surface of the tube
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in Crevice Corrosion of Tubing in a Hydraulic-Oil Cooler
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Copper alloy C70600 tube from a hydraulic-oil cooler. The cooler failed from crevice corrosion caused by dirt particles in river water that was used as a coolant. (a) Inner surface of hydraulic-oil cooler tube containing a hole (arrow A) and nodules (one of which is indicated by arrow B
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in Failure Analysis of Cracks Formed at Extrados of Bend Pipe of API 5L X65M Grade
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.bldgs.c0091378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-219-8
.... Recommendations The piping required replacement with a more corrosion-resistant material. Corrosion By-Products Copper alloys with a copper content greater than 85% are resistant to dezincification. Copper alloys such as red brass (UNS C23000), inhibited Admiralty brass (UNS C44300), and arsenical...
Abstract
A 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam tube was removed from a potable water supply due to leaks. The tube wall thickness was 0.711 mm (0.028 in.) with a thin layer of chromium plate on the OD surface. The tube had been in service for approximately 33 years. Investigation (visual inspection, EDS deposit analysis, metallurgical examination, and unetched magnified images) supported the conclusion that failure occurred due to porous material typical of plug-type dezincification initiating from the inside surface. Where the dezincification had progressed through the tube wall, the chromium plate had exfoliated from the base material and cracked. Recommendations included replacing the piping with a more corrosion-resistant material such as red brass (UNS C23000), inhibited Admiralty brass (UNS C44300), or arsenical aluminum brass (UNS C68700).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0091694
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract Tube sheets (found to be copper alloy C46400, or naval brass, and 5 cm (2 in.) thick) of an air compressor aftercooler were found to be cracked and leaking approximately 12 to 14 months after they had been retubed. Most of the tube sheets had been retubed several times previously...
Abstract
Tube sheets (found to be copper alloy C46400, or naval brass, and 5 cm (2 in.) thick) of an air compressor aftercooler were found to be cracked and leaking approximately 12 to 14 months after they had been retubed. Most of the tube sheets had been retubed several times previously because of unrelated tube failures. Sanitary (chlorinated) well water was generally used in the system, although filtered process make-up water (river water) containing ammonia was occasionally used. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, mercurous nitrate testing, unetched 5X micrographs, and 250X micrographs etched in 10% ammonium persulfate solution) supported the conclusion that the tube sheets failed by SCC as a result of the combined action of internal stresses and a corrosive environment. The internal stresses had been induced by retubing operations, and the environment had become corrosive when ammonia was introduced into the system by the occasional use of process make-up water. Recommendations included making a standard procedure to stress relieve tube sheets before each retubing operation. The stress relieving should be done by heating at 275 deg C (525 deg F) for 30 min and slowly cooling for 3 h to room temperature.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048714
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract Tubes in heat exchangers, made of copper alloy C44300 and used for cooling air failed after 5 to six years of service. Air passed over the shell-side surface of the tubes and was cooled by water flowing through the tubes. Water vapor in the air was condensed (pH 4.5) on the tube...
Abstract
Tubes in heat exchangers, made of copper alloy C44300 and used for cooling air failed after 5 to six years of service. Air passed over the shell-side surface of the tubes and was cooled by water flowing through the tubes. Water vapor in the air was condensed (pH 4.5) on the tube surfaces during the cooling process. Air flow over the tubes reversed direction every 585 mm as a result of baffling placed in the heat exchangers. An uneven ridgelike thinning and perforation of the tube wall on the leeward side of the tube was revealed by visual examination. Undercut pits on the outer surface of the tube were revealed by metallographic examination of a cross section of the failed area. Impingement attack which led to perforation was revealed by both the ridgelike appearance of the damaged area and the undercut pitting. The heat exchanger was retubed with tubes made of aluminum bronze (copper alloy C61400).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract After about 17 years in service, copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65% Cu) innercooler tubes in an air compressor began leaking cooling water, causing failure and requiring replacement. The tubes were 19 mm in diam and had a wall thickness of 1.3 mm (0.050 in.). The cooling water...
Abstract
After about 17 years in service, copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65% Cu) innercooler tubes in an air compressor began leaking cooling water, causing failure and requiring replacement. The tubes were 19 mm in diam and had a wall thickness of 1.3 mm (0.050 in.). The cooling water that flowed through the tubes was generally sanitary (chlorinated) well water; however, treated recirculating water was sometimes used. Analysis (visual inspection, 9x and 75x unetched micrographs, and spectrochemical analysis) showed a thick uniform layer of porous, brittle copper on the inner surface of the tube, extending to a depth of about 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) into the metal, plug-type dezincification extending somewhat deeper into the metal. This supported the conclusion that failure of the tubes was the result of the use of an uninhibited brass that has a high zinc content and therefore is readily susceptible to dezincification. Recommendations included replacing the material with copper alloy C68700 (arsenical aluminum brass), which contains 0.02 to 0.06% As and is highly resistant to dezincification. Copper alloy C44300 (inhibited admiralty metal) could be an alternative selection for this application; however, this alloy is not as resistant to impingement attack as copper alloy C68700.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0046737
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract After 14 months of service, cracks were discovered in castings and bolts used to fasten together braces, posts, and other structural members of a cooling tower, where they were subjected to externally applied stresses. The castings were made of copper alloys C86200 and C86300...
Abstract
After 14 months of service, cracks were discovered in castings and bolts used to fasten together braces, posts, and other structural members of a cooling tower, where they were subjected to externally applied stresses. The castings were made of copper alloys C86200 and C86300 (manganese bronze). The bolts and nuts were made of copper alloy C46400 (naval brass, uninhibited). The water that was circulated through the tower had high concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and chloramines. Analysis (visual inspection, bend tests, fractographs, 50x unetched micrographs, 100x micrographs etched with H4OH, and 500x micrographs) supported the conclusions that the castings and bolts failed by SCC caused by the combined effects of dezincification damage and applied stresses. Recommendations included replacing the castings with copper alloy C87200 (cast silicon bronze) castings. Replacement bolts and nuts should be made from copper alloy C65100 or C65500 (wrought silicon bronze).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091690
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A substantial number of copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65Cu-35Zn) ferrules for electrical fuses cracked while in storage and while in service in paper mills and other chemical processing plants. The ferrules, made by three different manufacturers, were of several sizes. One...
Abstract
A substantial number of copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65Cu-35Zn) ferrules for electrical fuses cracked while in storage and while in service in paper mills and other chemical processing plants. The ferrules, made by three different manufacturers, were of several sizes. One commonly used ferrule was 3.5 cm long by 7.5 cm in diam and was drawn from 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) thick strip. Investigation (visual inspection, metallographic examination, and a mercurous nitrate test, which is an accelerated test used to detect residual stress in copper and copper alloys) of both ferrules from fuses in service and storage in different types of plants, and ferrules from newly manufactured fuses, supported the conclusion that the ferrules failed by SCC resulting from residual stresses induced during forming and the ambient atmospheres in the chemical plants. The atmosphere in the paper mills was the most detrimental, and the higher incidence of cracking of ferrules there was apparently related to a higher concentration of ammonia in conjunction with high humidity. Recommendations included specifying that the fuses meet the requirements of ASTM B 154.
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