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coefficient of thermal expansion
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...Linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) Table 1 Linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) Material 10 −6 /K Polymethyl methacrylate(a) 50–90 Polyacrylonitrile(a) 66 Cellulose acetate(a) 100–150 Nylon 6(a) 80–83 Nylon 11(a) 100 Polycarbonate...
Abstract
Engineering plastics, as a general class of materials, are prone to the development of internal stresses which arise during processing or during servicing when parts are exposed to environments that impose deformation and/or temperature extremes. Thermal stresses are largely a consequence of high coefficients of thermal expansion and low thermal diffusivities. Although time-consuming techniques can be used to analyze thermal stresses, several useful qualitative tests are described in this article. The classification of internal stresses in plastic parts is covered. The article describes the effects of low thermal diffusivity and high thermal expansion properties, and the variation of mechanical properties with temperature. It discusses the combined effects of thermal stresses and orientation that result from processing conditions. The article also describes the effect of aging on properties of plastics. It explains the use of high-modulus graphite fibers in amorphous polymers.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001593
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... in coefficients of thermal expansion between the polysulfone and the mating steel insert. Coefficient of thermal expansion Insert molding Plastic Polysulfone Brittle fracture Introduction A flow sensor was submitted for analysis because the plastic body section had failed while in service...
Abstract
A failure analysis was conducted on a flow-sensing device that had cracked while in service. The polysulfone sensor body cracked radially, adjacent to a molded-in steel insert. This article describes the investigative methods used to conduct the failure analysis. The techniques utilized included scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, and melt flow rate determination. It was the conclusion of the investigation that the part failed via brittle fracture, with evidence also indicating low cycle fatigue associated with cyclic temperature changes from normal service. The design of the part and the material selection were significant contributing factors because of stresses induced during molding, physical aging of the amorphous polysulfone resin, and the substantial differential in coefficients of thermal expansion between the polysulfone and the mating steel insert.
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in Failure Analysis of a Polysulfone Flow Sensor Body — A Case Study
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 5 TMA plot overlay showing the differential in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the plastic collar material and the steel insert
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... of steel to be considered in design is its coefficient of thermal expansion. Most heat-treating problems could be solved if this coefficient could be controlled [ 1 ]. Almost all solids expand on heating and contract upon cooling. The relationship between thermal conductivity and thermal expansion...
Abstract
A deformed steel tube was received for failure analysis after buckling during a heat-treat operation. The tube was subjected to various metallurgical tests as well as nondestructive testing to confirm the presence of residual stresses. The microstructure of the tube was found to be homogenous and had no banded structure. However, x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of up to 6% retained austenite which likely caused the tube to buckle during the 910 °C heat treating procedure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...Thermal properties of selected resins Table 1 Thermal properties of selected resins Thermoplastic resins Heat-deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa (0.264 ksi) UL index (a) Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion, 10 −6 /°C °C °F °C °F W/m · K Btu/ft · h · °F...
Abstract
This article discusses the thermal properties of engineering plastics and elastomers with respect to chemical composition, chain configuration, and base polymer conformation as determined by thermal analysis. It describes the processing of base polymers with or without additives and their response to chemical, physical, and mechanical stresses whether as an unfilled, shaped article or as a component of a composite structure. It summarizes the basic thermal properties of thermoplastics and thermosets, including thermal conductivity, temperature resistance, thermal expansion, specific heat, and glass transition temperature. It also provides information on polyimide and bismaleimide resin systems. Representative examples of different types of engineering thermoplastics are discussed primarily in terms of structure and thermal properties.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c0048772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... through the fireside edge of the fracture surface. Scale was observed over most of the crack path which acted as a stress raiser. The effect of the oxide was magnified during thermal cycles because of differential thermal expansion, with the steel having a greater expansion coefficient than the scale...
Abstract
A return bend (made from ASTM A213, grade T11, ferritic steel) from a triolefin-unit heater ruptured after two years in service. The unit operated at 2410 kPa, with a hydrocarbon feed stream (85% propylene) entering at 260 to 290 deg C and leaving at 425 to 480 deg C. The fracture was found to terminate at the welds that joined the bend to the pipeline. A high concentration of both small and large inclusions was exhibited by the metallographic examination of the steel near the fracture. Branched cracks similar to those produced by stress corrosion of steel were observed in a section through the fireside edge of the fracture surface. Scale was observed over most of the crack path which acted as a stress raiser. The effect of the oxide was magnified during thermal cycles because of differential thermal expansion, with the steel having a greater expansion coefficient than the scale. It was recommended that material that is intended for critical applications where failure cannot be tolerated should be non-destructively examined.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... revealed that failure was by thermal fatigue caused by the presence of biaxial thermal stresses on the inner surface of the tube. Because of their higher coefficient of thermal expansion and their lower thermal conductivity, austenitic stainless steels have poor resistance to thermal fatigue...
Abstract
A 44.5 mm (1.75 in.) diam type 321 stainless steel seamless tube in a power-generating turbine failed after 19,000 h in service. The tube was used to carry a mixture of approximately 25% steam and 75% hot air. Three fractured pieces and part of the tube containing the mating fracture surface were examined. Both fractographic and metallographic features revealed that the failure was by thermal fatigue caused by the presence of biaxial thermal stresses on the inner surface of the tube. It was recommended that the steam and air be thoroughly mixed prior to entering the tube to decrease the temperature fluctuations of the inner surface.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0090451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... in excess of the stated drying temperature. Further analysis of the assembly materials using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) produced significantly different results for the PET jacket and the steel housing material. Determination of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) showed approximately...
Abstract
Cracking occurred within the plastic jacket (injection molded from an impact-modified, 15% glass-fiber-reinforced PET resin.) of several assemblies used in a transportation application during an engineering testing regimen which involved cyclic thermal shock (exposing the parts to alternating temperatures of -40 and 180 deg C (-40 and 360 deg F)). Prior to molding, the resin had reportedly been dried at 135 deg C (275 deg F). The drying process usually lasted 6 h, but occasionally, the material was dried overnight. Comparison investigation (visual inspection, 20x SEM views, micro-FTIR, and analysis using DSC and TGA) with non-failed parts supported the conclusion that that the failure was via brittle fracture associated with the exertion of stresses that exceeded the strength of the resin as-molded caused by the disparity in the CTEs of the PET jacket and the mating steel sleeve. The drying process had exposed the resin to relatively high temperatures, which caused substantial molecular degradation, thus limiting the part's ability to withstand the stresses. The drying temperature was found to be significantly higher than the recommendation for the PET resin, and the testing itself exposed the parts to temperatures above the recognized limits for PET.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... effective means by which to avoid cracking. Stress relieving or annealing the welds alleviates the residual stresses caused during welding. However, annealing cannot be fully effective when using an austenitic filler metal because of the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between the weld metal...
Abstract
Several compressor diaphragms from five gas turbines cracked after a short time in service. The vanes were constructed of type 403 stainless steel, and welding was performed using type 309L austenitic stainless steel filler metal. The fractures originated in the weld heat-affected zones of inner and outer shrouds. A complete metallurgical analysis was conducted to determine the cause of failure. It was concluded that the diaphragms had failed by fatigue. Analysis suggests that the welds contained high residual stresses and had not been properly stress relieved. Improper welding techniques may have also contributed to the failures. Use of proper welding techniques, including appropriate prewelding and postwelding heat treatments, was recommended.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627081801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... be aggravated due to the lack of isotropy of titanium, which has a hexagonal crystal structure 3 . The difference in the thermal expansion coefficient of carbon steel and titanium might have played an important part in the loosening of the joint. The thermal expansion coefficient of carbon steel is over 30...
Abstract
Corrosion failure occurred in a titanium clad tubesheet because of a corrosive tube-side gas-liquid mixture leaking through fatigue cracks in the seal welds at tube-to-tubesheet joints. The tubesheet was a carbon steel plate clad with titanium on the tube side face. The seal weld cracks were initiated by cyclic stress imposed by exchanger tubes. The gas-liquid mixture passed through cracks under tube-side pressure, resulting in severe corrosion of the steel backing plate. The failure started with the loosening of the expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints. Loose joints allowed the exchanger tubes to impose load on seal welds and the shell side cooling water entered the crevice between the tubesheet and the tubes. The cooling water in the crevice caused galvanic reaction and embrittlement of seal welds. Brittle crack opening and crack propagation in seal welds occurred due to the cyclic stress imposed by the tubes. The cyclic stress arised from the thermal cycling of the heat exchanger. The possible effects of material properties on the failure of the tubesheet are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... opening displacements COV coefficient of variation CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission CTE coefficient of thermal expansion CTOD crack-tip opening displacement CVD chemical vapor deposition CVN Charpy V-notch (impact test or speci- men) d depth; diameter da/dN fatigue crack growth rate da/dt crack...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen damage; fracture, including fatigue fracture, thermal fatigue fracture, and stress rupture; and distortion, especially distortion involving thermal-expansion effects or creep. The causes of failure can generally be classified as design defects; fabrication defects...
Abstract
This article explains the main types and characteristic causes of failures in boilers and other equipment in stationary and marine power plants that use steam as the working fluid with examples. It focuses on the distinctive features of each type that enable the failure analyst to determine the cause and suggest corrective action. The causes of failures include tube rupture, corrosion or scaling, fatigue, erosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. The article also describes the procedures for conducting a failure analysis.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... stresses. One method for achieving this is stress-relief annealing at 650 °C (1200 °F). The intermediate nickel-iron alloy bond layer aids in minimizing the effects of differences of coefficients of thermal expansion between the carbon steel and stainless steel cladding caused by stress-relief annealing...
Abstract
A segment of a stainless steel clad bottom cone of an acid sulfite pulping batch digester failed from severe corrosion loss. The digester was fabricated of 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) low-carbon steel with 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) type 317L stainless steel cladding. The manufacturing method for the cladding was unknown. Visual and metallographic analyses indicated that the failure was from transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (TGSCC), which caused extensive cracking and spalling of the cladding and was localized in a segment of the bottom cone. The remainder of the digester cladding was unaffected. The TGSCC was attributed to high, locked-in residual stresses from the cladding process. It was recommended that the bottom cone replacement segment be stress relieved prior to installation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
...), increases in inside-diameter scale thickness, or decreases in steam-side heat-transfer coefficient caused by reduced flow will lead to tube metal temperature increases. Table 4 lists the range of values for heat-transfer coefficients and thermal-conductivity values for internal deposits. Heat...
Abstract
Failures in boilers and other equipment taking place in power plants that use steam as the working fluid are discussed in this article. The discussion is mainly concerned with failures in Rankine cycle systems that use fossil fuels as the primary heat source. The general procedure and techniques followed in failure investigation of boilers and related equipment are discussed. The article is framed with an objective to provide systematic information on various damage mechanisms leading to the failure of boiler tubes, headers, and drums, supplemented by representative case studies for a greater understanding of the respective damage mechanism.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001852
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... Nickel properties used in FE analysis [<xref rid="c9001852-ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Table 4 Nickel properties used in FE analysis [ 10 ] Density 8900 kg/m 3 Module of elasticity 170 GPa Poisson’s ratio 0.31 Thermal expansion 14 E-6/°C Thermal conductivity 90.7 J/m °C...
Abstract
A 2–3 mm thick electroformed nickel mold showed early cracking under thermal load cycles. To determine the root cause, investigators obtained monotonic and cyclic properties of electroformed nickel at various temperatures and identified possible fatigue mechanisms. With the help of finite element modeling, they analyzed the material as well as the design and in-service application of the mold. They discovered that overconstraining the mold, while it was in service, caused excessive thermal stresses which accelerated crack initiation and propagation. Investigators also proposed remedies to prevent additional failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006938
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... specification sheets from suppliers. These “spec sheets” often list nominal material properties—such as Young’s modulus or coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)—with values of these properties acquired according to certain standardized test methods, but they rarely include multipoint data or account...
Abstract
A design may be improvable without presenting an unacceptable risk related to safety or performance. However, design-related failures can result from an oversight in performing one of the major design activities or from a failure to balance the competing demands inherent to part design. This article focuses on design-related failures in products utilizing polymeric materials, and reviews important considerations of the design envelope of plastic parts. The article provides a non-exhaustive list and descriptions of design tools that can support the design process and the prevention of design-related failures. It also discusses the most common causes of design-related failures of plastic parts. The article can assist in both failure analysis and in the prevention of failures in which design may be a contributing factor or a root cause.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003525
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... are presented as expansion or contraction. Uses of TMA in Failure Analysis Coefficient of Thermal Expansion The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is the change in the length of a material as a response to a change in temperature. The derivative of the slope of the line showing the dimensional...
Abstract
This article reviews the analytical techniques most commonly used in plastic component failure analysis. These include the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies that include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aid in the characterization of the failures. The article describes the methods used for determining the molecular weight of a plastic resin. It explains the use of mechanical testing in failure analysis and also describes the considerations in the selection and use of test methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006933
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... over temperature or time Composition, thermal stability, evolved gas analysis Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) Dimensional changes over temperature Coefficient of thermal expansion, material transitions, molded-in stress, chemical compatibility Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) Elastic modulus...
Abstract
This article reviews analytical techniques that are most often used in plastic component failure analysis. The description of the techniques is intended to familiarize the reader with the general principles and benefits of the methodologies, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The article describes the methods for molecular weight assessment and mechanical testing to evaluate plastics and polymers. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies to illustrate the significance of each method. The case studies also include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aided in the characterization of the failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006869
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and the expansion coefficient by the addition of adequate fiber is promoted. The filler’s functionality is governed by the type, orientation, size, modulus of elasticity, relative hardness, brittleness, filler–matrix bounding strength, and, most importantly, synergistic and/or antagonistic effects in the case...
Abstract
Reinforced polymers (RPs) are widely used in structural, industrial, automotive, and engineering applications due to their ecofriendly nature and the potential to manipulate their properties. This article addresses the technical synthesis of RPs, referring to their tribological behavior, to provide insights into the contribution and interaction of influential parameters on the wear behavior of polymers. It provides a brief discussion on the effects of significant parameters on RP tribology. The article describes abrasive and adhesive wear and provides a theoretical synthesis of the literature regarding the wear mechanisms of RPs. It also describes the synthesis of abrasive wear failure of different types of RPs and highlights the contribution of these influential parameters. The article addresses the synthesis of adhesive wear failure of different types of RPs.
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