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casting
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract In a steel foundry, tensile and bend specimens of castings made in a 2-ton basic arc furnace showed, at irregular intervals, regions with coarse-grained fractures where the specimens broke prematurely, so that the specified strength and toughness values could not be reached. Several...
Abstract
In a steel foundry, tensile and bend specimens of castings made in a 2-ton basic arc furnace showed, at irregular intervals, regions with coarse-grained fractures where the specimens broke prematurely, so that the specified strength and toughness values could not be reached. Several cast tensile specimens and some forcibly-broken pieces of the flanges of armature yokes made of cast steel GS C 25 according to DIN 17 245 were investigated. Microscopic examination showed that the cause of damage was the superabundant use of aluminum as deoxidizer. According to recommendations, the aluminum addition was reduced by one-half. Since then, there have been no additional rejects due to insufficient tensile and bend values.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.rail.c9001665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-231-0
... that some copper was accidentally left in the mold when the casting was poured. Liquid copper, carrying with it oxygen in solution, penetrated the austenite grain boundaries as the steel cooled. The oxygen reacted with the steel producing a network of scale outlining the austenite grain structure. When...
Abstract
Following a freight train derailment, part of a fractured side frame was retained for study because a portion of its fracture surface exhibited a rock candy appearance and black scale. It was suspected of having failed, thereby precipitating the derailment. Metallography, scanning electron microscopy, EDXA, and x-ray mapping were used to study the steel in the vicinity of this part of the fracture surface. It was found to be contaminated with copper. Debye-Scherrer x-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the scale showed that it consisted of magnetite and hematite. It was concluded that some copper was accidentally left in the mold when the casting was poured. Liquid copper, carrying with it oxygen in solution, penetrated the austenite grain boundaries as the steel cooled. The oxygen reacted with the steel producing a network of scale outlining the austenite grain structure. When the casting fractured as a result of the derailment, the fracture followed the scale in the contaminated region thus creating the “rock candy” fracture.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c0089617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... Abstract A forged 4130 steel cylindrical permanent mold, used for centrifugal casting of gray- and ductile-iron pipe, was examined after pulling of the pipe became increasingly difficult. In operation, the mold rotated at a predetermined speed in a centrifugal casting machine while the molten...
Abstract
A forged 4130 steel cylindrical permanent mold, used for centrifugal casting of gray- and ductile-iron pipe, was examined after pulling of the pipe became increasingly difficult. In operation, the mold rotated at a predetermined speed in a centrifugal casting machine while the molten metal, flowing through a trough, was poured into the mold beginning at the bell end and ending with the spigot end being poured last. After the pipe had cooled, it was pulled out from the bell end of the mold, and the procedure was repeated. Investigation supported the conclusion that failure of the mold surface was the result of localized overheating caused by splashing of molten metal on the bore surface near the spigot end. In addition, the mold-wash compound (a bentonite mixture) near the spigot end was too thin to provide the proper degree of insulation and to prevent molten metal from sticking to the bore surface. Recommendations included reducing the pouring temperatures of the molten metal and spraying a thicker insulating coating onto the mold surface.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract In the EMD-2 Joint Directed Attack Munition (JDAM), the A357 aluminum alloy housing had been redesigned and cast via permanent mold casting, but did not meet the design strength requirements of the previous design. Mechanical tests on thick and thin sections of the forward housing...
Abstract
In the EMD-2 Joint Directed Attack Munition (JDAM), the A357 aluminum alloy housing had been redesigned and cast via permanent mold casting, but did not meet the design strength requirements of the previous design. Mechanical tests on thick and thin sections of the forward housing assembly revealed tensile properties well below the allowable design values. Radiology and CT evaluations revealed no casting defects. Optical microscopy revealed porosity uniformly distributed throughout the casting on the order of 0.1 mm pore diam. Scanning electron microscopy revealed elongated pores, which indicated turbulent filling of the mold. Spherical pores would have indicated the melt had been improperly degassed. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the manufacturer analyze and redesign the gating system to eliminate the turbulent flow problem during the permanent mold casting process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract A fan support casting failed unexpectedly while running at 1800 rpm in pulp at 65 deg C (150 deg F). The leading edge of the blade exhibited deep spongy holes leading to reduced section and finally to fracture of the part when the remaining section size was insufficient to support...
Abstract
A fan support casting failed unexpectedly while running at 1800 rpm in pulp at 65 deg C (150 deg F). The leading edge of the blade exhibited deep spongy holes leading to reduced section and finally to fracture of the part when the remaining section size was insufficient to support the load. Analysis showed the support casting to be a standard 8620 type composition with a hardness of 311 HRB. The design of the casting was not streamlined. There were several square corners present where great pressure differences could be generated. This was a case of erosion-corrosion with the classic spongy appearance of cavitation. Two changes were proposed: streamlining the part to avoid abrupt changes in fluid flow; and a change in alloy to a more corrosion-resistant material (304 or preferably 316) to increase the tenacity of protective films.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article focuses on the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting process, casting material, and design with examples. The casting processes discussed include gravity die casting, pressure die casting, semisolid casting, squeeze casting, and centrifugal casting. Cast...
Abstract
This article focuses on the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting process, casting material, and design with examples. The casting processes discussed include gravity die casting, pressure die casting, semisolid casting, squeeze casting, and centrifugal casting. Cast iron, gray cast iron, malleable irons, ductile iron, low-alloy steel castings, austenitic steels, corrosion-resistant castings, and cast aluminum alloys are the materials discussed. The article describes the general types of discontinuities or imperfections for traditional casting with sand molds. It presents the international classification of common casting defects in a tabular form.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Fig. 1 Yoke body fracture location (arrow). Fig. 2 Negative print of the radiograph of a machined casting (location of shrinkage cavity designated by arrow). Fig. 3 Massive shrinkage cavity on fracture surface. SEM, 27.2×. Fig. 4 Interface between shrinkage cavity...
Abstract
A cast housing, part of a multi-shaft yoking mechanism, failed during assembly and installation of the equipment in which it was to be used. The housing, or yoke body, was cast from AISI 420 grade ferritic stainless steel. Analysis revealed that the failure was caused by the presence of shrinkage cavities, which lowered the load-bearing capability. The failure occurred at the location where there was an abrupt change in the section thickness. A redesign to provide a smooth contour at the section junction was recommended along with optimization of casting parameters to avoid shrinkage cavities.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... with secondary carbides. Nital etched. 310×. Abstract A segment from a premium-quality H13 tool steel die for die casting of aluminum failed after only 700 shots. The segment was subjected to visual, macroscopic, hardness, and metallographic testing. The investigation revealed that failure occurred...
Abstract
A segment from a premium-quality H13 tool steel die for die casting of aluminum failed after only 700 shots. The segment was subjected to visual, macroscopic, hardness, and metallographic testing. The investigation revealed that failure occurred as a result of fatigue at an electrical-discharge-machined surface where the resulting rehardened layer had not been removed. This rehardened layer had cracked, providing a source for fatigue initiation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... (max) Manganes 0.32 1.0 (max) Cobalt … bal Fig. 1 Porous, coated knee implant, as received. Insufficient bonding occurred at the tip of the patella flange. Fig. 2 Typical femoral knee casting, showing the patel a flange region. Fig. 3 Metallographic section...
Abstract
A femoral knee implant was returned to the casting vendor for analysis after exhibiting poor bond strength between the cast substrate and a sintered porous coating. Both the coating and the substrate were manufactured from a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy. Metallographic analysis indicated that a decarburized layer existed on all surfaces of the casting, which prevented bonding during the sintering thermal cycle. Bead-to-bead bonding within the coating appeared sufficient, and no decarburized layer was present on the bead surfaces. It was concluded that the decarburization did not occur during the sintering thermal cycle. It was recommended that the prosthetic manufacturer investigate atmosphere controls for all thermal cycles prior to coating.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.med.c0089543
EISBN: 978-1-62708-226-6
.... Bone screws Casting defects Screws Surgical implants ASTM F75 Casting-related failures Portions of the threads of the screw shown in Fig. 1(a) had broken off, and other threads had cracked. The screw was made from a cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy. A longitudinal section through the screw revealed gas...
Abstract
Threads of a bone screw (Co-Cr-Mo alloy, type ASTM F75) had broken off, and other threads had cracked. 15x sectioning showed porosity, and 155x magnification showed gas holes, segregation, and dissolved oxides. This supports the conclusion that manufacturing defects caused the failure.
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in Fracturing of Gray Iron Door-Closer Cylinder Castings Caused by Lack of Foundry Control Over Chemistry
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Microstructures of the fractured door-closer cylinder casting. (a) Casting showing types B and D graphite. Fracture is at top, and outside surface is at left. As-polished. 100x. (b) Pearlite/ferrite microstructure of casting containing about 70% ferrite. Etched with nital. 400x. (c
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract The information provided in this article is intended for those individuals who want to determine why a casting component failed to perform its intended purpose. It is also intended to provide insights for potential casting applications so that the likelihood of failure to perform...
Abstract
The information provided in this article is intended for those individuals who want to determine why a casting component failed to perform its intended purpose. It is also intended to provide insights for potential casting applications so that the likelihood of failure to perform the intended function is decreased. The article addresses factors that may cause failures in castings for each metal type, starting with gray iron and progressing to ductile iron, steel, aluminum, and copper-base alloys. It describes the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting material, production method, and/or design. The article also addresses conditions related to the casting process but not specific to any metal group, including misruns, pour shorts, broken cores, and foundry expertise. The discussion in each casting metal group includes factors concerning defects that can occur specific to the metal group and progress from melting to solidification, casting processing, and finally how the removal of the mold material can affect performance.
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in Cast Steel Housing with Grain Boundary Precipitates
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Microstructure of casting, etch: Picral, 500×
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in Fracturing of Gray Iron Door-Closer Cylinder Castings Caused by Lack of Foundry Control Over Chemistry
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Microstructures of the cracked door-closer cylinder casting. (a) Fracture region showing predominantly type D graphite. This region was along the partling line of the thin section. 100x. (b) A primary type D graphite structure adjacent to the gas defect (bottom). The outside
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in Fracturing of Gray Iron Door-Closer Cylinder Castings Caused by Lack of Foundry Control Over Chemistry
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 4 Microstructures of the cracked casting. (a) Ferrite/pearlite matrix is representative of the cracked casting. 100x. (b) Structure of cracked casting adjacent to the gas defect. The white constituents in the dark pearlite zone are carbides. White regions in the fine type D graphite
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Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 3 Structure of slide, etch: Picral. 200×. At edge with casting skin, horizontal section, Point C.
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in Assessing the Durability of Aluminum Castings
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Narrow-headed arrows show porosity internal to the casting. The wide-head arrows show the ratchet marks—an indication here that the crack has started in multiple locations along the inside surface.
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in Intergranular Corrosion in an Unknown Part
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Severe intergranular corrosion in a CN-7M casting. The exact function and service conditions of the part (probably a pump outlet) are unknown. Intergranular corrosion was so severe that the part could be twisted and stretched; thus, it was termed the rubber casting. See also Fig. 2
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in Intergranular Corrosion in an Unknown Part
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Close-up view of the casting shown in Fig. 1 . Individual grains stand out, and many fall free when the part is moved. See also Fig. 3 .
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in Plating Blemishes in Zinc Die Castings
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 A classical “gas” pore in a zinc die casting. It has been opened to the surface of the part by the buffing operation performed prior to electroplating.
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