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buckling
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048498
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... measure, the fastener spacing was reduced to prevent the buckling mode that precipitated fracture. Delamination Fasteners spacers Graphite-epoxy Buckling Figure 1 illustrates a portion of a graphite-epoxy tapered-box structure that fractured during testing. This graphite-epoxy box...
Abstract
A graphite-epoxy tapered-box structure, which consisted of two honeycomb skin panels fastened to a spanwise spar with intermediate chordwise ribs, fractured during testing. Hinge-line deflection of the front spar was revealed. Through-thickness cracks in the forward and trailing edges of the compression-loading skin panel were revealed by nondestructive visual examination. A band of de-lamination between the areas of through-thickness skin fracture at the front and rear spar was revealed. A map of the local directions of crack propagation over the fracture surface was generated by the orientation of river patterns and resin microflow during microscopic examination of sectioned samples of the panel. It was discovered that crack initiation occurred at the periphery of a fastener hole located at the front spar. Propagation occurred chordwise across the compression-loaded skin panel. As a corrective measure, the fastener spacing was reduced to prevent the buckling mode that precipitated fracture.
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in High-Temperature Stress Relaxation Cracking and Stress Rupture Observed in a Coke Gasifier Failure
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 18 Longitudinal section through the buckling on the northwest side of the dip tube. The top hat was located at the far right
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 Schematic of buckling failure of a thin sheet in a riveted joint. Countersinking the top sheet formed a sharp edge at the faying surface.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.homegoods.c0092122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-222-8
... Abstract Several 6063-T6 aluminum alloy extension ladders of the same size and type collapsed in service in the same manner; the extruded aluminum alloy 6063-T6 side rails buckled, but the rungs and hardware remained firmly in place. The ladders had a maximum extended length of 6.4 m (21 ft...
Abstract
Several 6063-T6 aluminum alloy extension ladders of the same size and type collapsed in service in the same manner; the extruded aluminum alloy 6063-T6 side rails buckled, but the rungs and hardware remained firmly in place. The ladders had a maximum extended length of 6.4 m (21 ft) with a recommended maximum angle of inclination of 75 deg (15 deg from vertical). Investigation (visual inspection, hardness testing, metallographic examination, stress analysis, and tensile tests) supported the conclusion that the side rails of the ladders buckled when subjected to loads that produced stresses beyond the yield strength of the alloy. Recommendations included increasing the thickness of the flange and web of the side-rail extrusion.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... the positions at which the values are measured Abstract A deformed steel tube was received for failure analysis after buckling during a heat-treat operation. The tube was subjected to various metallurgical tests as well as nondestructive testing to confirm the presence of residual stresses...
Abstract
A deformed steel tube was received for failure analysis after buckling during a heat-treat operation. The tube was subjected to various metallurgical tests as well as nondestructive testing to confirm the presence of residual stresses. The microstructure of the tube was found to be homogenous and had no banded structure. However, x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of up to 6% retained austenite which likely caused the tube to buckle during the 910 °C heat treating procedure.
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in Failure Analysis of an Automobile Weldment
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 Buckled floor pan with crimp just behind rear seat. Note (arrow) seat belt retractor anchor bolt just to left of crimp.
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in Low Cycle Thermal Fatigue and Fracture of Reinforced Piping
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Steelmaking and Thermal Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 8 Midspan buckle.
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in Failure Analysis of Launch Pad Tubing From the Kennedy Space Center
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 As-Received tubing section. Arrow at buckled region denotes failure location
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Buckled flange (lower arrow) of an extruded aluminum section deliberately loaded with a lateral force (upper arrow). Source: Ref 3 .
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0047169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... for aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and the hardness surpassed the minimum hardness required for aluminum alloy 2014-T6. An abrupt change in the direction of grain flow across the fracture plane indicated that the wall had buckled during forging. This evidence supported the conclusion that the wheel half failed...
Abstract
The flange on an outboard main-wheel half (aluminum alloy 2014-T6 forging) on a commercial aircraft fractured during takeoff. The failure was discovered later during a routine enroute check. The flange section that broke away was recovered at the airfield from which the plane took off and was thus available for examination. Failure occurred after 37 landings (about 298 roll km, or 185 roll miles). Examination of the fracture surfaces revealed that a forging defect was present in the wall of the wheel half. The anodized coating showed distinct twin-parallel and end-grain patterns between which the fracture occurred. The periphery of the defect was the site of several small fatigue cracks that eventually progressed through the remaining wall. Rapid fatigue then progressed circumferentially. Metallographic examination using Keller's reagent showed that the microstructure was normal for aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and the hardness surpassed the minimum hardness required for aluminum alloy 2014-T6. An abrupt change in the direction of grain flow across the fracture plane indicated that the wall had buckled during forging. This evidence supported the conclusion that the wheel half failed in the flange by fatigue as the result of a rather large subsurface forging defect. No recommendations were made.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... of rolled and welded COR-TEN steel plate butt welded together on site. The pipe sustained local buckling and cracking, then fractured during the first five months of operation. Failure was due to low cycle fatigue and fast fracture caused by differential thermal expansion stresses. Thermal lag between...
Abstract
A large diameter steel pipe reinforced by stiffening rings with saddle supports was subjected to thermal cycling as the system was started up, operated, and shut down. The pipe functioned as an emission control exhaust duct from a furnace and was designed originally using lengths of rolled and welded COR-TEN steel plate butt welded together on site. The pipe sustained local buckling and cracking, then fractured during the first five months of operation. Failure was due to low cycle fatigue and fast fracture caused by differential thermal expansion stresses. Thermal lag between the stiffening rings welded to the outside of the pipe and the pipe wall itself resulted in large radial and axial thermal stresses at the welds. Redundant tied down saddle supports in each segment of pipe between expansion joints restrained pipe arching due to circumferential temperature variations, producing large axial thermal bending stresses. Thermal cycling of the system initiated fatigue cracks at the stiffener rings. When the critical crack size was reached, fast fracture occurred. The system was redesigned by eliminating the redundant restraints and by modifying the stiffener rings to permit free radial thermal breathing of the pipe.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001514
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... separated from the rocker panel, buckled and rotated upward and forward. This introduced slack in the seat belts since their retractors, being anchored to the floor pan, also rotated forward. Although not contributory to the accident itself, the faulty welds were responsible in part for the severity...
Abstract
A front-wheel drive hatchback automobile was involved in a severe front end impact. Failure analysis of the automobile revealed only a single sound spot weld in each of two 66 cm (26 in.) sections of both upper and lower floor sill flanges. Consequently, upon impact, the floor pan separated from the rocker panel, buckled and rotated upward and forward. This introduced slack in the seat belts since their retractors, being anchored to the floor pan, also rotated forward. Although not contributory to the accident itself, the faulty welds were responsible in part for the severity of the injuries sustained by the driver. The faulty welds in the unit body were apparently a consequence of improper settings of parameters on a multihead electrical resistance spot welding machine. Lack of appreciation of the hazard associated with failure of this weldment may have contributed to the low frequency of their physical inspection during production. A similar case involving faulty welds in a fuel delivery truck is also discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001733
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... alternating stress, and buckling (compressive) cyclic loading. The mode of failure was found to be reversed bending fatigue caused by drive cables moving over guide pulleys of small radii. Modifications of the machinery and drive cable system were suggested. Bending fatigue Drive cables Rubber...
Abstract
Drive cables from a rubber processing machine were failing in less than 8 h of operation, the expected service life being much greater than 100 h. Comparison cables were tested to failure under known stress conditions, including tensile overload, torsional loading, reversed bending alternating stress, and buckling (compressive) cyclic loading. The mode of failure was found to be reversed bending fatigue caused by drive cables moving over guide pulleys of small radii. Modifications of the machinery and drive cable system were suggested.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...Inelastic cycle buckling of cylindrical specimens of cold-worked 1020 steel Table 1 Inelastic cycle buckling of cylindrical specimens of cold-worked 1020 steel Peak stress Stress cycles Failure mode MPa ksi At buckling At failure 600–648 87–94 1 4 1 4...
Abstract
Distortion failure occurs when a structure or component is deformed so that it can no longer support the load it was intended to carry. Every structure has a load limit beyond which it is considered unsafe or unreliable. Estimation of load limits is an important aspect of design and is commonly computed by classical design or limit analysis. This article discusses the common aspects of failure by distortion with suitable examples. Analysis of a distortion failure often must be thorough and rigorous to determine the root cause of failure and to specify proper corrective action. The article summarizes the general process of distortion failure analysis. It also discusses three types of distortion failures that provide useful insights into the problems of analyzing unusual mechanisms of distortion. These include elastic distortion, ratcheting, and inelastic cyclic buckling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006797
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to fatigue or elastic buckling or in designing flaw-tolerant structures. Limit analysis assumes an idealized material—one that behaves elastically up to a certain yield strength, then does not work harden but undergoes an indefinite amount of plastic deformation with no change in stress. The inherent...
Abstract
Distortion often is observed in the analysis of other types of failures, and consideration of the distortion can be an important part of the analysis. This article first considers that true distortion occurs when it was unexpected and in which the distortion is associated with a functional failure. Then, a more general consideration of distortion in failure analysis is introduced. Several common aspects of failure by distortion are discussed and suitable examples of distortion failures are presented for illustration. The article provides information on methods to compute load limits, errors in the specification of the material, and faulty process and their corrective measures to meet specifications. It discusses the general process of material failure analysis and special types of distortion and deformation failure.
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in Collapse of Extension Ladders by Overloading of Side Rails
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Household Products and Consumer Goods
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Aluminum alloy 6063-T6 extension-ladder side-rail extrusion that failed by plastic deformation and subsequent buckling. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Relation of maximum applied load to the section thickness of the flanges and web of the side-rail extrusion.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Aluminum alloy 6063-T6 extension-ladder side-rail extrusion that failed by plastic deformation and subsequent buckling. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches). (b) Relation of maximum applied load to the section thickness of the flanges and web of the side-rail extrusion.
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... the horizontal crack Fig. 17 Cross section through the horizontal crack that initiated from the ID surface Fig. 18 Longitudinal section through the buckling on the northwest side of the dip tube. The top hat was located at the far right Fig. 19 Longitudinal section showing cracks...
Abstract
A pressure vessel failed causing an external fire on a nine-story coke gasifier in a refinery power plant. An investigation revealed that the failure began as cracking in the gasifier internals, which led to bulging and stress rupture of the vessel shell, and the escape of hot syngas, setting off the fire. The failure mechanisms include stress relaxation cracking of a large diameter Incoloy 825 tube, stress rupture of a 4.65 in. thick chromium steel shell wall, and the oxidation of chromium steel exposed to hot syngas. The gasifier process and operating conditions that contributed to the high-temperature degradation were also analyzed and are discussed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001696
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... The tube was received buckled inwardly away from the burst location; the tube had buckled approximately one foot, Figure 1 . The overall appearance of the burst resembled a fish-mouth rupture pattern. The exterior surface of the tubing appeared mottled and discolored, Figure 2 . The mottling corresponded...
Abstract
Piping and structural components used in space launch facilities such as NASA's Kennedy Space Center and the Air Force's Cape Canaveral Air Station face extreme operating conditions. Launch effluent and residue from solid rocket boosters react with moisture to form hydrochloric acid that settles on exposed surfaces as they are being subjected to severe mechanical loads imparted during lift-off. Failure analyses were performed on 304 stainless steel tubing that ruptured under such conditions, while carrying various gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and breathing air. Hydrostatic testing indicated a burst strength of 13,500 psi for the intact sections of tubing. Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic examination revealed that the tubing failed due to corrosion pitting exacerbated by stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The pitting originated on the outer surface of the tube and ranged from superficial to severe, with some pits extending through 75% of the tube's wall thickness. The SCC emanated from the pits and further reduced the service strength of the component until it could no longer sustain the operating pressure and final catastrophic fracture occurred. Corrosion-resistant coatings added after the investigation have proven effective in preventing subsequent such failures.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... be noted in this area. Fig. 6 , shows the plate upon which the rotating structure rests, and deformation is again noted. Fig. 7 , shows examples of cracks in gusset locations on the crane, while Fig. 8 , shows buckled or bent booms. Fig. 3 Failure at Weld. Fig. 4 Fatigue Failure...
Abstract
A truck-mounted hydraulic crane had a horizontal thrust bearing with one race attached to the truck and the other to the rotating crane. The outside race of the bearing was driven by a pinion gear, and it is through this mechanism that the crane body rotated about a vertical axis. The manufacturer welded the inner race to the carrier in a single pass. After several years of service, the attachment weld between the bearing inner race and the turntable failed in the area adjacent to the heat-affected zone. The fracture zone where there was the greatest tension was heavily oxidized. In the zone where the bearing was in compression, there was a clean surface indicating recent fracture. Finally, there were areas where the weld did not meet AWS specifications for convexity or concavity. These areas were weak enough to allow fatigue cracks to initiate. Recommendations to prevent reoccurrence of the failure include the use of bolts in lieu of welding, a welding schedule that reduces the propensity of lamellar tearing, and the use of an alloy that precludes lamellar tearing. However, if abuse of the crane was the primary cause of failure, none of these recommendations would have prevented deterioration of the machine to an extent that would have rendered the failure improbable.
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