Fig. 4 Fracture surface on the spindle, showing beach marks and ratchet marks. More

Fig. 9 Fracture at a wire defect. Beach marks are prominent beginning at the base of the flaw, which is indicated by the arrow. 39× More

Fig. 20 Beach marks on (a) quenched-and-tempered alloy steel pin fractured in low-cycle fatigue ( Ref 4 ), and on (b) maraging steel stud fractured in the laboratory by stress-corrosion cracking under steady load ( Ref 16 ). The presence of beach marks is indicative of progressive cracking More

Fig. 21 Curved beach marks are centered on the surface origin (arrow) of this shaft that failed in rotating bending fatigue. Beach marks are nearly semicircular near the origin. As the crack became larger, it grew more rapidly near the surface where bending stress was highest, resulting More

Fig. 14 Beach marks on a fatigue fracture in aluminum alloy 7075-T73 forging. The light-colored reflective bands are zones of fatigue crack propagation. At high magnifications, thousands of fatigue striations can be resolved within each band. The dull, fibrous bands are zones of crack More

Fig. 15 Fracture surface of steel shaft with beach marks produced by oxidation. More

Fig. 16 Beach marks on a 4340 steel part caused by SCC. Tensile strength of the steel was approximately 1780 to 1900 MPa (260 to 280 ksi). The beach marks are a result of differences in the rate of penetration of corrosion on the surface. They are in no way related to fatigue marks. 4× More

Fig. 69 Close-up view of fracture surface at the other web. Note beach marks. More

Fig. 2 Scanning electron image showing brittle fracture features and beach marks suggestive of low cycle fatigue More

Fig. 116 Close-up view of fatigue fracture surface with beach marks. Arrows indicate the initiation-site areas More

Fig. 6 Region I of the fracture surface. The beach marks on the surface indicate the direction of crack propagation and suggest multiple initiation sites. More

Fig. 3 Macrograph of failed surface, showing beach marks caused by fatigue. 0.76×. More

Fig. 3 Fracture surface showing slag inclusions (dark) and beach marks of web shown in Fig. 1 and 2 . More

Fig. 4 Closeup view of fracture surface at the other web. Note beach marks. More

Fig. 2 Transverse fracture surface with beach marks (indicated by arrow) revealed by different oxide colors. More

Fig. 4 Fracture surface of steering arm showing characteristic beach marks More

Fig. 2 Area of fracture showing beach marks on the surface More

Fig. 1 Macro view of the fracture surface. Beach marks typical of fatigue fracture originate at lower left. Samples A, B, C, and D (below C, not shown) were used in the study. Top left portion of fracture has sustained mechanical damage. 0.37× More

Fig. 4 SEM micrograph showing uniformly spaced beach marks around the hard irregular refractory inclusion enclosed in a nonmetallic oxide film. More

Fig. 15 Fracture through an eccentric shaft. (a) Fracture surface with beach marks progressing from origin site at the bottom of the image. (b) Oblique view of the origin showing several ratchet marks and corrosion on the shaft outside diameter surface. (c) Crack profile. A small secondary More