Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
Search Results for
background correction
Update search
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
NARROW
Format
Topics
Book Series
Date
Availability
1-20 of 118 Search Results for
background correction
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
1
Sort by
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006755
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...), objectively and clearly identify all possible corrective actions, objectively evaluate each corrective action, select optimal corrective action(s), and evaluate effectiveness of selected corrective action(s). Common problems detrimental to a failure investigation are also covered. corrective actions...
Abstract
This article discusses the organization required at the outset of a failure investigation and provides a methodology with some organizational tools. It focuses on the use of problem-solving tools such as a fault tree analysis combined with critical thinking. The discussion covers nine steps to organize a good failure investigation. They are as follows: understand and negotiate goals of the investigation, obtain a clear understanding of the failure, identify all possible root causes, objectively evaluate the likelihood of each root cause, converge on the most likely root cause(s), objectively and clearly identify all possible corrective actions, objectively evaluate each corrective action, select optimal corrective action(s), and evaluate effectiveness of selected corrective action(s). Common problems detrimental to a failure investigation are also covered.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001495
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... shaft was returned to the manufacturer and subsequently submitted for analysis. Background Information Field Application The axle shaft was used in a heavy-duty open-pit mining truck hauling overburden. The shaft had failed after operating for 27,000 hours. Previous failures had resulted from...
Abstract
An axle shaft in an open-pit mining truck hauling overburden failed after operating for 27,000 h. Previous failures had resulted from longitudinal shear, but this had not, bringing material quality into question. Chemical analysis verified that the part was SAE4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel and thus met material specification. The failure was a result of torsional fatigue in the tensile plane, originating from one of several gouges around the splined radius of the shaft. The fatigue crack progressed for a large number of cycles before final fracture. The shaft met metallurgical requirements and should have withstood normal operating conditions. The spacing of the gouge marks coincided with the spacing of the splines, indicative of careless assembly with the mating wheel gear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of environmentally induced cracking, this article deals only with SCC of metallic components. It begins by presenting terminology and background of SCC. Then, the general characteristics of SCC and the development of conditions for SCC as well as the stages of SCC are covered. The article provides a brief overview...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a form of corrosion and produces wastage in that the stress-corrosion cracks penetrate the cross-sectional thickness of a component over time and deteriorate its mechanical strength. Although there are factors common among the different forms of environmentally induced cracking, this article deals only with SCC of metallic components. It begins by presenting terminology and background of SCC. Then, the general characteristics of SCC and the development of conditions for SCC as well as the stages of SCC are covered. The article provides a brief overview of proposed SCC propagation mechanisms. It discusses the processes involved in diagnosing SCC and the prevention and mitigation of SCC. Several engineering alloys are discussed with respect to their susceptibility to SCC. This includes a description of some of the environmental and metallurgical conditions commonly associated with the development of SCC, although not all, and numerous case studies.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... determines the root cause of the failure and recommends appropriate corrective actions. In contrast, a metallurgical evaluation provides the answers to the metallurgical questions posed in the failure investigation. Therefore, a metallurgical evaluation is only one part of a failure investigation. Why...
Abstract
This article reviews the most common reasons for failures and the purpose of a failure investigation. It discusses the nine steps for the organization of a good failure investigation. The three basic tools that are helpful in any failure investigation, namely, a fault tree, a failure mode assessment chart, and a technical plan for resolution chart, are reviewed. The article briefly describes failure investigation pitfalls and concludes with information on the other common tools used for failure investigation and root cause determination.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Background The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Applications The failed splined shaft and gear assembly forms an integral part of the ATAR engine accessory...
Abstract
The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Stripping of the engine revealed that the bevel gear locating splines (16 NCD 13) had failed. Visual and low-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent to the splines and on the bevel gear abutment shoulder. Additional tests included a metrological inspection of the shaft, bevel gear and support ring; metallographic examination of a section from the shaft; chemical analysis of the shaft material (16 NCD 13); and hardness testing of a sample of the yoke material. The wear had been caused by incorrect machining of the shaft splines, which prevented the bevel gear nut from locating correctly against the gear.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... microstructure susceptible to corrosion. The crack initiated either by stress-corrosion or hydrogen cracking. It was recommended that the couplings in the system be examined for surface cracking and, if present, corrective measures be taken. Cleavage Intergranular fracture Pumping plants Transgranular...
Abstract
A coupling in a line-shaft vertical turbine pump installed in a dam foundation fractured after a very short time. The coupling material was ASTM A582 416 martensitic stainless steel. Visual, macrofractographic, and scanning electron microscopic examination of the coupling showed that the fracture was brittle and was initiated by an intergranular cracking mechanism. The mode of fracture outside the crack initiation zone was transgranular cleavage. No indication of fatigue was found. The failure was attributed to improper heat treatment during manufacture, which resulted in a brittle microstructure susceptible to corrosion. The crack initiated either by stress-corrosion or hydrogen cracking. It was recommended that the couplings in the system be examined for surface cracking and, if present, corrective measures be taken.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006753
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... Collaboration with experts in other disciplines is required in certain circumstances to integrate the analysis of the evidence with a quantitative understanding of the stressors and background information on the design, manufacture, and service history of the failed product or system. A thorough failure...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces the concepts of failure analysis, including root-cause analysis (RCA), and the role of failure analysis as a general engineering tool for enhancing product quality and failure prevention. It initially provides definitions of failure on several different levels, followed by a discussion on the role of failure analysis and the appreciation of quality assurance and user expectations. Systematic analysis of equipment failures reveals physical root causes that fall into one of four fundamental categories: design, manufacturing/installation, service, and material, which are discussed in the following sections along with examples. The tools available for failure analysis are then covered. Further, the article describes the categories of mode of failure: distortion or undesired deformation, fracture, corrosion, and wear. It provides information on the processes involved in RCA and the charting methods that may be useful in RCA and ends with a description of various factors associated with failure prevention.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001629
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... background material. EDS Results of Processing Fluids Table 1 EDS Results of Processing Fluids Element Cutting Fluid Relative Weight Percent Rinse Water Residue Coolant 1 Coolant 2 Detergent Iron … … … … 0.5 Silicon … … … … 1.3 Aluminum … … 0.1 … … Sodium...
Abstract
A large number of electropolished copper parts showed evidence of discoloration (tinting) after electropolishing. Because these parts are used in a high-vacuum application, even trace amounts of organic materials would be problematic. Scanning electron microscopy of nondiscolored and discolored areas both showed trace amounts of residue in the form of adherent deposits. EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses indicated that the discoloration to the copper components was due to the development of CuO at localized regions. It was recommended that process changes be made to completely remove residual processing fluids from the part surfaces before electropolishing. The use of more aggressive detergents was suggested, and it was recommended also that a filtering and recirculating system be considered for use in the cleaning and electropolishing tanks.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... excessive stress on ophthalmic lenses in the form of working or residual stresses. Acetone environment Cracking, environmental effects Crazing Mechanical properties Plastic Safety glasses Swelling Polycarbonate Environmental cracking (plastics) Background Application Metal-framed...
Abstract
Metal-framed polycarbonate (PC) ophthalmic lenses shattered from acetone solvent-induced cracking. The lenses exhibited primary and secondary cracks with solvent swelling and crazing. A laboratory accident splashed acetone onto the lenses. The metal frames gripped approximately two-thirds of the lenses' periphery and introduced an unevenly distributed force on the lenses. To prevent future failures, it was recommended to protect PC from service environments with solvents, such as acetone; or from marking pens, adhesives or soaps which contain undesirable solvents; and to not apply excessive stress on ophthalmic lenses in the form of working or residual stresses.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003521
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... cause Evaluate and implement corrective actions Generally, a failure analyst will start with a broad range of possible explanations but over time will narrow and refine the existing possibilities. Often, a likely theory develops during the course of the investigation. This can be helpful...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003500
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the analysis of the evidence with a quantitative understanding of the stressors and background information on the design, manufacture, and service history of the failed product or system. Just as failure analysis is a proven discipline for identifying the physical roots of failures, root-cause analysis...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces the concepts of failure analysis and root cause analysis (RCA), and the role of failure analysis as a general engineering tool for enhancing product quality and failure prevention. It reviews four fundamental categories of physical root causes, namely, design deficiencies, material defects, manufacturing/installation defects, and service life anomalies, with examples. The article describes several common charting methods that may be useful in performing an RCA. It also discusses other failure analysis tools, including review of all sources of input and information, people interviews, laboratory investigations, stress analysis, and fracture mechanics analysis. The article concludes with information on the categories of failure and failure prevention.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
..., (b) No hardened case on active profile of one side of the teeth. Background Information The gears were taken from a final drive wheel reduction unit of a very large open-pit mining truck. The driving pinions were not submitted; the usual assurance was given that they were in good condition...
Abstract
A portion of two large spur tooth bull gears made from 4147H Cr-Mo alloy steel that had spalling teeth was submitted for evaluation. The gears were taken from a final drive wheel reduction unit of a very large open-pit mining truck. The parts had met the material and initial heat treat hardening specifications. The mode of failure was tooth profile spalling. By definition, spalling originates at a case/core interface or at the juncture of a hardened/nonhardened area. The cause of this failure was either insufficient or no induction-hardened case along the active profile. The cause was activated by a nonfunctioning induction hardening coil that did not or was not allowed to harden the midprofile of several teeth.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Intergranular fracture Background Two samples of helical compression springs composed of chromium-silicon steel (50 to 54 HRC) failed early in service, although design and operating stresses appeared to be within the material endurance limit. Failure initiated from the spring inside coil surface; final...
Abstract
To samples of helical compression springs were returned to the manufacturer after failing in service well short of the component design life. Spring design specifications required conformance to SAE J157, “Oil Tempered Chromium Silicon Alloy Steel Wire and Springs.” Each spring was installed in a separate heavy truck engine in an application in which spring failure can cause total engine destruction. The springs were composed of chromium-silicon steel, with a hardness ranging from 50 to 54 HRC. Chemical composition and hardness were substantially within specification. Failure initiated from the spring inside coil surface. Examination of the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy showed no evidence of fatigue. Final fracture occurred in torsion. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed high inner-diameter residual stresses, indicating inadequate stress relief from spring winding. It was concluded that failure initiation was caused by residual stress-driven stress-corrosion cracking, and it was recommended that the vendor provide more effective stress relief.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006868
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... is not difficult but it does demand careful attention to some basic principles. Before any part is created, a design engineer is advised to acquire some basic information including a background knowledge in plastic materials, the basic manufacturing processes, the tooling to support the processes, and the design...
Abstract
This article presents the benefits of selecting plastics for products to be manufactured. It discusses the four key considerations for plastic part design: material, process, tooling, and design. The article provides a detailed discussion of the development sequence for plastic parts. The basis for the development sequence is twofold: first, to create the best solution for the application, and second, to minimize potential project risks through careful and thoughtful work habits.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... included use of a case-hardened En 8 steel with the correct composition and regular maintenance of the pump. Cooling systems Nuclear reactors Shafts (power) Water cooling EN8 Fatigue fracture Corrosion fatigue Background After 7 years of operation, a service water pump in a nuclear...
Abstract
A service water pump in a nuclear reactor failed when its shaft gave way. The fracture originated in the threaded portion of the sleeve nut on the drive-end side of the shaft. Results of the failure analysis showed that the cracking initiated at the thread root as a result of corrosion fatigue. Crack propagation occurred either by corrosion or mechanical fatigue. Evidence was found indicating high rotary bending stresses on the shaft during operation. The nonstandard composition of the En 8 steel used in the shaft and irregular maintenance reduced the life of the shaft. Recommendations included use of a case-hardened En 8 steel with the correct composition and regular maintenance of the pump.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., including those that come from a deficient design, poor material, or mistakes in manufacturing. Whether those “defects” exist in a given component that is being subjected to the failure analysis process can often only be determined by someone with a materials background. The reasons for this are related...
Abstract
Failure analysis is a process that is performed to determine the causes or factors that have led to an undesired loss of functionality. This article describes some of the factors and conditions that might be considered when approaching a failure analysis problem. It focuses on the key principles, objectives, practices, and procedures of failure analysis. The article provides guidelines on the preparation of a protocol for a failure analysis. It also demonstrates the proper approaches to failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... that occur in service due to stresses caused by externally applied loads. The purpose of this article is to enable a failure analyst to identify the causative factors that lead to welded connection failure and to identify the corrective actions needed to overcome such failures in the future. Additionally...
Abstract
Welded connections are a common location for failures for many reasons, as explained in this article. This article looks at such failures from a holistic perspective. It discusses the interaction of manufacturing-related cracking and service failures and primarily deals with failures that occur in service due to stresses caused by externally applied loads. The purpose of this article is to enable a failure analyst to identify the causative factors that lead to welded connection failure and to identify the corrective actions needed to overcome such failures in the future. Additionally, the reader will learn from the mistakes of others and use principles that will avoid the occurrence of similar failures in the future. The topics covered include failure analysis fundamentals, welded connections failure analysis, welded connections and discontinuities, and fatigue. In addition, several case studies that demonstrate how a holistic approach to failure analysis is necessary are presented.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... UNS A97075 Fatigue fracture Background An AMS 4126 (7075-T6) aluminum alloy impeller from a radial inflow turbine fractured during commissioning. Applications The turbine is used to derive power at a natural gas letdown station. A finite-element model of the impeller is shown in Fig...
Abstract
An AMS 4126 (7075-T6) aluminum alloy impeller from a radial inflow turbine fractured during commissioning. Initial examination showed that two adjacent vanes had fractured through airfoils in the vicinity of the vane leading edges, and one vane fractured through an airfoil near the hub in the vicinity of the vane trailing edge. Some remaining vanes exhibited radial and transverse cracks in similar locations. Binocular and scanning electron microscope examinations showed that the cracks had been caused by high-cycle fatigue and had progressed from multiple origins on the vane surface. Structural analysis indicated that the fatigue loading probably had been caused by forced excitation, resulting in the impeller vibrating at its resonant frequency. It was recommended that the impeller design, control systems, and material of construction be changed.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... loading. Use of a steel with a higher molybdenum content (317L) in the annealed condition was recommended. Biomedical material 316L UNS S31603 Pitting corrosion Fatigue fracture Background Two type 316L stainless steel orthopedic screws broke approximately 6 weeks after surgical implant...
Abstract
Two type 316L stainless steel orthopedic screws broke approximately 6 weeks after surgical implant. The screws had been used to fasten a seven-hole narrow dynamic compression plate to a patient's spine. The broken screws and screws of the same vintage and source were examined using macrofractography, SEM fractography, and hardness testing. Fractography established that fracture was by fatigue and that the fatigue cracking originated at corrosion pits. Hardness while below specification, still indicated that the screws were in the cold-worked condition and notch sensitive during fatigue loading. Use of a steel with a higher molybdenum content (317L) in the annealed condition was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001500
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... because it had “worn out.” Background Information This was a spiral bevel drive set with the gear attached to a differential. The assembled unit was driving a new, large, experimental farm tractor in the normal plowing and tilling operations. Visual Examination Identifying Markings...
Abstract
A ‘worn-out’ spiral bevel gear and pinion set was submitted for examination and evaluation. This was a spiral bevel drive set with the gear attached to a differential. The assembled unit was driving a new, large, experimental farm tractor in normal plowing and tilling operations. The primary failure was associated with the 4820H NiMo alloy steel pinion, and thus the gear was not examined. The mode of failure was rolling contact fatigue, and the cause of failure improper engineering design. The pattern of continual overload was restricted to a specific concentrated area situated diagonally across the profile of the loaded side, which was consistent on every tooth.
1