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Valve seats
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Extensive cracking was found in a batch of die-cast ZAMAK 3 solenoid valve seats during commissioning of the system in which they were installed. Scanning electron microscopic and chemical analyses conducted on one of the failed valve seats showed that the composition of the alloy...
Abstract
Extensive cracking was found in a batch of die-cast ZAMAK 3 solenoid valve seats during commissioning of the system in which they were installed. Scanning electron microscopic and chemical analyses conducted on one of the failed valve seats showed that the composition of the alloy was different from that specified. The presence of excess aluminum and lead impurities that had segregated to the grain boundaries, coupled with an inadequate amount of magnesium, resulted in intergranular corrosion and subsequent intergranular failure. Corrosion was accelerated by storage in a humid environment in a coastal area. It was recommended that proper chemical analysis of the zinc-aluminum alloy be carried out as a quality control procedure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0090947
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract Valve seats fractured during testing and during service. The seats were machined from grade 11L17 steel and were surface hardened by carburization. Investigation (visual inspection, hardness testing, 59x SEM images, and 2% nital etched 15x cross sections) supported the conclusion...
Abstract
Valve seats fractured during testing and during service. The seats were machined from grade 11L17 steel and were surface hardened by carburization. Investigation (visual inspection, hardness testing, 59x SEM images, and 2% nital etched 15x cross sections) supported the conclusion that the fracture occurred via brittle overload, which was predominantly intergranular. The amount of bending evidence and the directionality of the core overload fracture features suggest that the applied stresses were not purely axial, as would be anticipated in this application. The level of retained austenite in the hardened case layer likely contributed to the failure.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 Valve seat fractures ( example 5 ). (a) View of the seat fracture surface with intergranular near-surface features from the carburizing heat treatment. Scanning electron micrograph. 59×. (b) Cross section showing the case depth and the blunting of a secondary bending crack
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Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Valve seat fractures. (a) View of the seat fracture surface with intergranular near-surface features from the carburizing heat treatment. Scanning electron micrograph. 59×. (b) Cross section showing the case depth and the blunting of a secondary bending crack by the ductile core
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 Valve seat fractures (Example 5). (a) View of the seat fracture surface with intergranular near-surface features from the carburizing heat treatment. Scanning electron micrograph. Original magnification: 59×. (b) Cross section showing the case depth and the blunting of a secondary
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 Original and improved designs of a 17-7 PH stainless steel valve-seat retainer spring. As originally designed, the inner tabs on the spring broke off as a result of fatigue, and the outer tab exhibited wear.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 24 Valve seating face showing a series of ridges and valleys formed circumferentially around the axis of the valve
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in Intergranular Corrosion Failure in Zn-Al Alloy Solenoid Valve Seats
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 36 Original and improved designs of a 17-7 PH stainless steel valve-seat retainer spring. As originally designed, the inner tabs on the spring broke off as a result of fatigue, and the outer tab exhibited wear
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in Microstructural Analysis of the Brass Seat of a Valve from the 1907 Steam Tug ‘Hercules’
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Microstructural Analysis of the Brass Seat of a Valve from the 1907 Steam Tug ‘Hercules’
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Microstructural Analysis of the Brass Seat of a Valve from the 1907 Steam Tug ‘Hercules’
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Microstructural Analysis of the Brass Seat of a Valve from the 1907 Steam Tug ‘Hercules’
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Mechanical and Machine Components
Published: 01 June 2019
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in Failure of a Retainer Spring Because of Cyclic Loading and Torsional Vibration
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Original and improved designs of a 17-7 PH stainless steel valve-seat retainer spring. As originally designed, the inner tabs on the spring broke off as a result of fatigue, and the outer tab exhibited wear.
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in Overheating of Aircraft Engine Cylinders
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 2 The crack (arrow) extended at the exhaust valve seat counterbore where the failure originated ( Fig. 1 ).
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 34 Valve seating face showing a series of ridges and valleys formed circumferentially around the axis of the valve
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001684
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Abstract The steam tug Hercules was an ocean-going and bay tug for 55 years before being retired. It is now being restored by the National Park Service. A broken steam valve was obtained for microstructural examination. The body was gray cast iron, and the stem and seat were brass...
Abstract
The steam tug Hercules was an ocean-going and bay tug for 55 years before being retired. It is now being restored by the National Park Service. A broken steam valve was obtained for microstructural examination. The body was gray cast iron, and the stem and seat were brass. The examination centered on corrosion of the brass components. The seat and shaft were alpha brass, with a hardness of 64 and 79 DPH, respectively. A nut held the shaft onto the seat, and was alpha-beta brass with a hardness of 197 DPH. Welded on the end of the shaft was a ring of hard (DPH 294) alpha-beta brass, which seated against the nut. The brass seat and stem show little corrosion. However, the alpha-beta brass nut and welded tip showed extensive dezincification. This process of removal of Zn and the retention of Cu began in the high Zn beta phase, but eventually both phases were attacked. The depth of penetration was consistent with dezincification rates reported in the literature for such brasses in salt water if the valve had been in service about 55 years.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... included use of a higher-copper brass, cupronickel, or Monel for the valve seats and stems and operation of the valves in either the fully opened or closed position. Air-conditioning equipment Heating equipment UNS C35300 C36000 UNS C36000 Erosion - corrosion Erosive wear Background Two...
Abstract
Two hot water reheat coil valves from a heating/ventilating/air-conditioning system failed in service. The values, a 353 copper alloy 19 mm (3/4 in.) valve and a 360 copper alloy 13 mm (1/2 in.) valve, had been failing at an increasing rate. The failures were confined to the stems and seats. Visual examination revealed severe localized metal loss in the form of deep grooves with smooth and wavy surfaces. Metallographic analysis of the grooved areas revealed uniform metal loss. No evidence of intergranular or selective attack indicating erosion-corrosion was observed, Recommendations included use of a higher-copper brass, cupronickel, or Monel for the valve seats and stems and operation of the valves in either the fully opened or closed position.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001182
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... was welded on to the valve seat. Fracture was a consequence of fatigue corrosion cracking, itself strongly promoted by the presence of sulphur compounds. The origin of these corrosive sulphur compounds could not be explained. Automotive components Exhaust valves Sulfur compounds Valve steel...
Abstract
A broken exhaust valve from the cylinder of a motor car had a 30-mm disk diam and 8-mm stem diam. The site of the fracture was directly where the valve cone joined the cylindrical stem. Both the cone and the stem were heavily scaled in the vicinity of the fracture; in some parts the scale has flaked off. Furthermore, the rim of the disk was badly damaged by secondary mechanical action. The core of the valve had a very fine austenitic microstructure with precipitations of numerous granular and very fine, mostly rounded carbides and tine segregation bands. A hard alloy facing was welded on to the valve seat. Fracture was a consequence of fatigue corrosion cracking, itself strongly promoted by the presence of sulphur compounds. The origin of these corrosive sulphur compounds could not be explained.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c0045992
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... was specified to be case hardened to 55 to 60 HRC, with a case depth of 0.6 to 0.9 mm (0.025 to 0.035 in.); the hardness of the mating valve seat was 40 HRC. Analysis showed that the fracture occurred through two 8 mm (0.313 in.) diam holes at the narrowest section of the poppet. The valve continued to operate...
Abstract
After two weeks of operation, a poppet used in a check valve to control fluid flow and with a maximum operating pressure of 24 MPa (3.5 ksi) failed during operation. Specifications required that the part be made of 1213 or 1215 rephosphorized and resulfurized steel. The poppet was specified to be case hardened to 55 to 60 HRC, with a case depth of 0.6 to 0.9 mm (0.025 to 0.035 in.); the hardness of the mating valve seat was 40 HRC. Analysis showed that the fracture occurred through two 8 mm (0.313 in.) diam holes at the narrowest section of the poppet. The valve continued to operate after it broke, which resulted in extensive loss of metal between the holes. 80x micrograph and 4x macrograph of a 5% nital etched longitudinal section, and chemical analyses showed the poppet did fit 1213 or 1215 specs. However, hardness measurements showed surface hardness was excessive-61 to 65 HRC instead of the specified 55 to 60 HRC. Thus, the poppet failed by brittle fracture, and cracking occurred across nonmetallic inclusions. Recommendation was to redesign the valve with the poppet material changed to 4140 steel, hardened, and tempered to 50 to 55 HRC.
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