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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 93 (a) Caustic gouging on transfer piping. (b) More highly stressed location, where caustic cracking was found on caustic transfer piping More
Image
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Schematic showing cracking at reinforcement at support for transfer pipe. More
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract Leakage was detected at the welds between stiffening plates and the pipe in a transfer line carrying butane and related petrochemical compounds. The line and reinforcing rings were of AISI 316 stainless steel, the pipe being of 508 mm diam and 6.25 mm wall thickness. The design...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract A type 316 stainless steel pipe reducer section failed in service of bleached pulp stock transfer within 2 years in a pulp and paper mill. The reducer section fractured in the heat-affected zone of the flange-to-pipe weld on the flange side. The pipe reducer section consisted of 250...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... failure took place was 50.8 mm in diam with a nominal wall thickness of 8 mm. It connected to the AISI 321 superheater tube by means of a butt weld and was one of 46 such parallel connecting tubes. The Cr-Mo tubing was situated outside the heat transfer zone of the superheater. The overall sequence...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Schedule 80 low-carbon steel pipes used to transfer kraft liquor in a Kamyr continuous pulp digester failed within 18 months after installation. Visual and metallographic examinations established that the cracking initiated on the internal surfaces of the equalizer pipes in the welds...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.pulp.c9001565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-230-3
... Abstract A stainless steel pipe transferring hot white liquor solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite, developed leaks adjacent to the welds within four years of service. The stainless steel pipe was AISI type 304 and welded with E308 weld electrodes. The service temperature was 190 deg...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... BTU per hour. The vaporizer was gas fired and used Dowtherm A as the heat transfer fluid. Dowtherm A is a mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide and has superior heat transfer characteristics. The vaporizer coil material was specified as ASME SA-106 Grade B Schedule 80 pipe. The vaporizer coil...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0046079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... of the steel sheet. 400x The orchard heaters were pipes, generally 150 to 305 mm (6 to 12 in.) in diameter and 60 to 120 cm (24 to 48 in.) in length. When in use, fuel was burned inside a pipe, which served as a windguard and a heat sink, and heat was transferred to nearby trees by radiation...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
..., but a large residual hoop stress was found for locations before the stop valve. Conclusions It was theorized that one or more severe thermal downshocks might cause the damage pattern that was found. A transient heat transfer and thermal-stress analysis was performed with numerical methods and software...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.marine.c9001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-227-3
... where heat transfer through the plates is required, particularly in the furnace rings of shell boilers. The laminations form an interruption to the heat path and instances are on record where overheating of the fireside surface has resulted, leading to subsequent failure. On the other hand, however...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., and pressure vessels that constitute the steam-generating portion of the system. With very few exceptions, failure of pressurized components is confined to the relatively small-diameter tubing making up the heat-transfer surfaces within the boiler enclosure. Overheating is the main cause of failure...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... be estimated using well-established mass transfer correlations for oxygen diffusion. In aqueous solutions of near-neutral pH, mechanical wear prevents the formation of a rust film that completely covers the interior of a pipe. By providing a barrier to oxygen, this rust film in carbon steel pipes...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... nodules had a random distribution, and the analysis showed that there was no risk to the structural integrity of the equipment. According to this author, in 1943, a steam transfer line at a US power generating station failed during service: the pipe had been operating for 48,000 h at 500 °C...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0089730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
... and the circumferential weld that joined the liner to the bellows assembly. Because the liners were welded at one end and the other end was free, the components moved with expansion and contraction of the joints and were subjected to vibrational stresses imposed by the transfer of nitrogen gas. The stresses, created...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006812
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... steel piping and further crack penetration into the piping wall. The cracks continued to propagate during service from stresses induced in the piping. In another case, a transfer line carrying 73% sodium hydroxide developed a leak at a weld joining a cast alloy 400 coupling to wrought alloy 400 pipe...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... piping, such as alloy 5083-O, and brazed alloy 3003 aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers are commonly used in hydrocarbon and natural gas processing plants because of their excellent cryogenic and heat-transfer properties, and because of the economics of construction. Process temperatures in ethylene...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the plate or skelp used to make the pipe. These grades can be used in a variety of applications, and, with certain exceptions, the pipe yield strength is referenced directly in the name. For example, “X-42” pipe steel has an SMYS of 42 ksi, and “X-52” steel has an SMYS...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... grains should not be left exposed. RD, rolling direction. (d) Galvanic corrosion is possible if a coated component is cut. When necessary, the cathodic component of a couple should be coated. (e) Ion transfer through a fluid can result in galvanic attack of less noble metals. In the example shown at left...