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Tito Luiz da Silveira, Francisco Solano Moreira, Miriam Conçeicão Garcia Chavez, Iain Le May
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Thermal fatigue
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Thermal fatigue
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048361
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
.... The transgranular cracks suggested that thermal fatigue was a more likely cause of failure than SCC. It was concluded by temperature measurements that circumferential temperature gradients, in combination with inadequate flexibility in the piping system as a whole, had caused the failures. The tee fitting...
Abstract
Several failures occurred in 64-mm schedule 80 type 304 stainless steel (ASME SA-312, grade TP304) piping in a steam-plant heat-exchanger system near tee fittings at which cool water returning from the heat exchanger was combined with hot water from a bypass. Various portions of the piping were subjected to temperatures ranging from 29 to 288 deg C. Each of the failures were revealed to consist of transgranular cracking in and/or close to the circumferential butt weld joining the tee fitting to the downstream pipe leg, where the hot bypass water mixed with the cool return water. The transgranular cracks suggested that thermal fatigue was a more likely cause of failure than SCC. It was concluded by temperature measurements that circumferential temperature gradients, in combination with inadequate flexibility in the piping system as a whole, had caused the failures. The tee fitting was redesigned to alleviate the thermal stress pattern.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-220-4
... Abstract The failure of a reformer tube furnace manifold has been examined using metallography. It has been shown that the cause of failure was thermal fatigue; the damage was characterized by the presence of voids produced by creep mechanisms operating during the high temperature cycle under...
Abstract
The failure of a reformer tube furnace manifold has been examined using metallography. It has been shown that the cause of failure was thermal fatigue; the damage was characterized by the presence of voids produced by creep mechanisms operating during the high temperature cycle under high local stress. The study indicates that standard metallographic procedures can be used to identify failure modes in high temperature petrochemical plants.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c9001574
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... was a clear indication of high temperature exposure (due to insufficient cooling) during application. The most probable cause of failure was thermal fatigue. Grain boundaries Precipitation Punches WR-95 Chromium nitride coating Thermal fatigue fracture Background The CrN coated restrike...
Abstract
A CrN coated restrike punch was made of WR-95 (similar to H-11), which was fluidized bed nitrided. The coated punch was used on hot Inconel at about 1040 deg C (1900 deg F). However, a water-soluble graphite coolant was used to maintain the punch temperature at 230 deg C (450 deg F). Visual and binocular inspection at 64+ revealed presence of cracks and complete washout of coating in the working area of the failed punch. Comparison of metallographic cross sections of used and unused punches revealed a significant microstructural transformation in case of the used punch. Presence of a yellow porous layer was clearly evident between the nitrided layer and the coating, in case of the used punch. Cracks were observed to propagate from the outer surface into the bulk. Oxidation was evident along the cracks. The microstructural transformation observed in the case of the used punch was a clear indication of high temperature exposure (due to insufficient cooling) during application. The most probable cause of failure was thermal fatigue.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.steel.c9001149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-232-7
... of rolled and welded COR-TEN steel plate butt welded together on site. The pipe sustained local buckling and cracking, then fractured during the first five months of operation. Failure was due to low cycle fatigue and fast fracture caused by differential thermal expansion stresses. Thermal lag between...
Abstract
A large diameter steel pipe reinforced by stiffening rings with saddle supports was subjected to thermal cycling as the system was started up, operated, and shut down. The pipe functioned as an emission control exhaust duct from a furnace and was designed originally using lengths of rolled and welded COR-TEN steel plate butt welded together on site. The pipe sustained local buckling and cracking, then fractured during the first five months of operation. Failure was due to low cycle fatigue and fast fracture caused by differential thermal expansion stresses. Thermal lag between the stiffening rings welded to the outside of the pipe and the pipe wall itself resulted in large radial and axial thermal stresses at the welds. Redundant tied down saddle supports in each segment of pipe between expansion joints restrained pipe arching due to circumferential temperature variations, producing large axial thermal bending stresses. Thermal cycling of the system initiated fatigue cracks at the stiffener rings. When the critical crack size was reached, fast fracture occurred. The system was redesigned by eliminating the redundant restraints and by modifying the stiffener rings to permit free radial thermal breathing of the pipe.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.aero.c0046972
EISBN: 978-1-62708-217-4
... halfway from the leading edge to the trailing edge on the concave surface before ultimate failure occurred in dynamic tension. Analysis (including visual inspection, SEM, and 250x/500x micrographic examination) supported the conclusions that the blades failed due to thermal fatigue. Recommendations...
Abstract
During disassembly of an engine that was to be modified, a fractured turbine blade was found. When the fracture was examined at low magnification, it was observed that a fatigue fracture had originated on the concave side of the leading edge and had progressed slightly more than halfway from the leading edge to the trailing edge on the concave surface before ultimate failure occurred in dynamic tension. Analysis (including visual inspection, SEM, and 250x/500x micrographic examination) supported the conclusions that the blades failed due to thermal fatigue. Recommendations included application of a protective coating to the blades, provided the coating was sufficiently ductile to avoid cracking during operation to prevent surface oxidation. Such a coating would also alleviate thermal differentials, provided the thermal conductivity of the coating exceeded that of the base metal. It was also determined that directionally solidified blades could minimize thermal fatigue cracking by eliminating intersection of grain boundaries with the surface. However, this improvement would be more costly than applying a protective coating.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Alloy UNS N08800 (Alloy 800) tubes of the steam superheating coils of two hydrocracker charge heaters in a refinery failed prematurely in service. Failure analysis of the tubes indicated that the failures could be attributed to thermal fatigue as a result of temperature fluctuations...
Abstract
Alloy UNS N08800 (Alloy 800) tubes of the steam superheating coils of two hydrocracker charge heaters in a refinery failed prematurely in service. Failure analysis of the tubes indicated that the failures could be attributed to thermal fatigue as a result of temperature fluctuations as well as restriction to movement. Fatigue cracks initiated intergranularly from both the flue gas and steam sides. Enhanced general and grain boundary oxidation coupled with age hardening of the alloy led to the formation of incipient intergranular cracks that acted as sites for the initiation of the fatigue cracks.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0048850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... before the stop valve. It was concluded using thermal stress analysis done using numerical methods and software identified as CREPLACYL that one or more severe thermal downshocks might cause the damage pattern that was found. The root cause of the failure was identified to be thermal fatigue...
Abstract
Cracks on the outer surface near a hanger lug were revealed by visual inspection of a type 316 stainless steel main steam line of a major utility boiler system. Cracking was found to have initiated at the outside of the pipe wall or immediately beneath the surface. The microstructure of the failed pipe was found to consist of a matrix precipitate array (M23C6) and large s-phase particles in the grain boundaries. A portable grinding tool was used to prepare the surface and followed by swab etching. All material upstream of the boiler stop valve was revealed to have oriented the cracking normally or nearly so to the main hoop stress direction. Residual-stress measurements were made using a hole-drilling technique and strain gage rosettes. Large tensile axial residual stresses were measured at nearly every location investigated with a large residual hoop stress was found for locations before the stop valve. It was concluded using thermal stress analysis done using numerical methods and software identified as CREPLACYL that one or more severe thermal downshocks might cause the damage pattern that was found. The root cause of the failure was identified to be thermal fatigue, with associated creep relaxation.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... the allowable operating temperature for the fluid. The probable cause for failure is thermal fatigue due to the localized overheating. Flow conditions inside the tubing should be reexamined to ensure suitable conditions for annular fluid flow. Cracking (fracturing) Heat exchangers Mechanical properties...
Abstract
A gas-fired, ASTM A-106 Grade B carbon steel vaporizer failed on three different occasions during attempts to bring the vaporizer on line. Dye penetrant examination indicated the presence of multiple packets of ductile cracks on the inside of the coil radius at the bottom of the horizontal axis coils. Visual examination of the inside of the tubing indicated the presence of a carbonaceous deposit resulting from decomposition of the heat-exchanging fluid. Subsequent metallographic examination and microhardness testing indicated that the steel was heated to a temperature above the allowable operating temperature for the fluid. The probable cause for failure is thermal fatigue due to the localized overheating. Flow conditions inside the tubing should be reexamined to ensure suitable conditions for annular fluid flow.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... surface were examined. Both fractographic and metallographic features revealed that the failure was by thermal fatigue caused by the presence of biaxial thermal stresses on the inner surface of the tube. It was recommended that the steam and air be thoroughly mixed prior to entering the tube to decrease...
Abstract
A 44.5 mm (1.75 in.) diam type 321 stainless steel seamless tube in a power-generating turbine failed after 19,000 h in service. The tube was used to carry a mixture of approximately 25% steam and 75% hot air. Three fractured pieces and part of the tube containing the mating fracture surface were examined. Both fractographic and metallographic features revealed that the failure was by thermal fatigue caused by the presence of biaxial thermal stresses on the inner surface of the tube. It was recommended that the steam and air be thoroughly mixed prior to entering the tube to decrease the temperature fluctuations of the inner surface.
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Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 3 Thermal fatigue failure and conventional fatigue crack-propagation fracture during reversed-load cycling of acetal. Source: Ref 36
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in Failure Analysis of the Moderator Branch Pipe of a Pressurized Hot Water Reactor
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Thermal fatigue cracking of a spur gear. (a) Radial cracking due to frictional heat against the thrust face. 0.4×. (b) Progression of thermal fatigue produced by the frictional heat. 1.5×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Thermal fatigue plus liquid-ash corrosion on water walls leads to circumferential grooving. The cross section in an axial plane nearly parallel to the tube axis shows the deep fingerlike penetrations into the wall. Etched with nital. 210×. Courtesy of Riley Stoker Corp.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Crazed pattern of thermal fatigue cracking on the outer surface of a stainless steel tube. See also Fig. 37 . Approximately 4×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 37 Stainless steel superheater tube that failed by thermal fatigue and stress rupture. (a) Photograph of the tube showing thick-lip rupture. (b) Macrograph of a section taken transverse to a fracture surface of the tube showing that thermal fatigue cracking started at the outside surface
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in Failure of High-Temperature Rotary Valve Due to Expansion and Distortion Caused by the Effects of Excessive Operating Temperature
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Improper Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Conditions
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Oxidation and thermal fatigue cracking of a cast ductile iron rotor. See also Fig. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , and .
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in Premature Failure of a Turbine Blade by Thermal Fatigue Fracture
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Air and Spacecraft
Published: 01 June 2019
Fig. 1 Micrographs of two turbine blades that failed by thermal fatigue. (a) Longitudinal section taken through origin of failure (upper left corner) of fractured blade showing the fracture surface in profile (top), oxidation on blade surface (left), and oxide-filled crack (arrow). 500x. (b
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in Failure Analysis for a Carbon Steel Vaporizer Coil
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 18 Fireside surface of a superheater tube shows apparent thermal-fatigue cracks at sites displaying visual alligatoring. Original magnification: 500×. Source: Ref 65 . Courtesy of D.N. French
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in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
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