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Friedrich Karl Naumann, Ferdinand Spies
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Friedrich Karl Naumann, Ferdinand Spies
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Roland Huet, Joel M. Wolf, Piotr D. Moncarz
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Book Chapter
Fracture of Tempered Leaf Springs
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.petrol.c9001185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-228-0
... Abstract U-shaped leaf springs, intended to serve as spacers between oil tank floats and the inner walls of the containers, broke while being fitted, or after a short time in use, in the bend of the U. The springs were made of tempered strip steel of type C 88 with 0.84 % C, bent at room...
Abstract
U-shaped leaf springs, intended to serve as spacers between oil tank floats and the inner walls of the containers, broke while being fitted, or after a short time in use, in the bend of the U. The springs were made of tempered strip steel of type C 88 with 0.84 % C, bent at room temperature, and electroplated with cadmium for protection against corrosion. Each fracture showed seven or eight kidney-shaped cracks. At the origins of these cracks on the concave inner surface of the springs, crater-like depressions and beads of melted and resolidified material were found. Fracture of the springs was caused by stress cracks as a consequence of local hardening. The hardening caused by melting and resolidification, and therefore the cracks in the springs, was the result of a faulty procedure during cadmium electroplating.
Book Chapter
Examination of Wires for the Manufacture of Tempered Bolts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-233-4
Abstract
A bolt manufacturer observed that products made from certain shipments of steel 41 Cr4 wire were prone to the formation of quench cracks in their rolled threads. The affected wire was tested and found to be highly sensitive to overheating because of the metallurgical method by which it was produced. A stronger decarburization of the case was a contributing factor that could not be prevented by working because the thread was rolled. Hardening tests conducted by the bolt manufacturer showed that quench cracks did not occur in specimens that were turned down before hardening and when notches were machined instead of beaten with a chisel.
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Isothermal diagram showing the sequence of carbide formation on tempering o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 14 Isothermal diagram showing the sequence of carbide formation on tempering of normalized 2 1 4 Cr-1Mo steel. Source: Ref 12
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Stress distribution in a cylinder after tempering. (a) t = 2 h. (b) Assume t = ∞.
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Isothermal diagram showing the sequence of carbide formation on tempering o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 17 Isothermal diagram showing the sequence of carbide formation on tempering of normalized 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Source: Ref 22
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Notch toughness as a function of tempering temperature for a 4140 steel. Te...
Available to Purchase
in Problems Associated with Heat Treated Parts
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 19 Notch toughness as a function of tempering temperature for a 4140 steel. Tempering time was 1 h.
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in Alloy 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds Fail due to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Heat-Recovery Steam Generator
> ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Power Generating Equipment
Published: 01 June 2019
Book Chapter
Delayed Fracture of Tempered Glass Panels Due to Nickel Sulfide Inclusions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract The spontaneous breakage of tempered glass spandrel panels used to cover concrete wall panels on building facades was investigated. Between January 1988 and August 1990, 19 panel failures were recorded. The tinted panels were coated on their exterior surfaces with a reflective metal...
Abstract
The spontaneous breakage of tempered glass spandrel panels used to cover concrete wall panels on building facades was investigated. Between January 1988 and August 1990, 19 panel failures were recorded. The tinted panels were coated on their exterior surfaces with a reflective metal oxide and covered on the back surfaces with an adherent black polyethylene plastic. Macro fractography, SEM fractography, EDX analysis, and photo elasticimetry were conducted on four of the shattered panels. Small nickel sulfide inclusions were found at the failure origins. Failure of the panels was attributed to growth of the inclusions, coupled with high residual stresses. Fracture mechanics analysis showed that the residual stresses alone were high enough to cause fracture of the glass, with a flaw of the size observed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.machtools.c0089534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-223-5
... by metallographic examination to be case carburized. The case was found to be martensite with small spheroidal carbides while the core consisted of martensite plus some ferrite. The fracture was revealed to be related to shrinkage porosity. Tempering was revealed to be probably limited to about 150 deg C...
Abstract
The specially designed sand-cast low-alloy steel jaws that were implemented to stretch the wire used in prestressed concrete beams fractured. The fractures were found to be macroscale brittle and exhibited very little evidence of deformation. The surface of the jaws was disclosed by metallographic examination to be case carburized. The case was found to be martensite with small spheroidal carbides while the core consisted of martensite plus some ferrite. The fracture was revealed to be related to shrinkage porosity. Tempering was revealed to be probably limited to about 150 deg C by the hardness values (close to the maximum hardness values attainable) for the core. It was interpreted that the low tempering temperature used may have contributed to the brittleness. The procedures used for casting the jaws were recommended to be revised to eliminate the internal shrinkage porosity. Tempering at a slightly higher temperature to reduce surface and core hardness was recommended.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001642
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... made, because calculations of ideal critical diameter and analysis of available hardenability data indicated that the original hardness specification could be met. There was, however, less room for process variation. The parts ended up containing temper carbides, developed heavy decarburization...
Abstract
A plant had manufactured and heat treated their product in house for years. As time went on, the special steel that they had been using became more expensive, and a switch was made to a more common and less highly alloyed material. However, no change in hardness specifications were made, because calculations of ideal critical diameter and analysis of available hardenability data indicated that the original hardness specification could be met. There was, however, less room for process variation. The parts ended up containing temper carbides, developed heavy decarburization, and experienced excessive distortion because they were left in the furnace for extended and varying periods with the temperature “turned down a couple hundred degrees.”
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... that cause a part to fail during heat treatment. The article discusses the problems associated with heating and furnaces, quenching media, quenching stresses, hardenability, tempering, carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitriding as well as potential stainless steel problems and problems associated...
Abstract
This article introduces some of the general sources of heat treating problems with particular emphasis on problems caused by the actual heat treating process and the significant thermal and transformation stresses within a heat treated part. It addresses the design and material factors that cause a part to fail during heat treatment. The article discusses the problems associated with heating and furnaces, quenching media, quenching stresses, hardenability, tempering, carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitriding as well as potential stainless steel problems and problems associated with nonferrous heat treatments. The processes involved in cold working of certain ferrous and nonferrous alloys are also covered.
Book Chapter
Fracture of Cast Steel Equalizer Beams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0089572
EISBN: 978-1-62708-218-1
... and tempering to achieve better mechanical properties. Brittle fracture Casting defects Cracking (fracturing) Equilizer beams Foundry practice Gating and risering Normalizing (heat treatment) Tempering Trucks ASTM A148 grade 105-85 UNS D50850 Casting-related failures Heat treating-related...
Abstract
Two sand-cast low-alloy steel equalizer beams (ASTM A 148, grade 105-85) designed to distribute the load to the axles of a highway truck broke after an unreported length of service. Normal service life would have been about 805,000 km (500,000 mi) of truck operation. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, tensile testing, unetched 65x and 1% nital etched 65x magnification) supported the conclusions that the steel was too soft for the application – probably due to improper heat treatment. Fracture of the equalizer beams resulted from growth of mechanical cracks that were formed before the castings were heat treated. Recommendations included the following changes in processing: better gating and risering in the foundry to achieve sounder castings; better shakeout practice to avoid mechanical damage; better inspection to detect imperfections; and normalizing and tempering to achieve better mechanical properties.
Image
Two hardened-and-tempered 1070 steel hold-down clamps. The clamp at top was...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Two hardened-and-tempered 1070 steel hold-down clamps. The clamp at top was acceptable. The clamp at bottom was slack quenched because of faulty loading practice (stacking), and it failed by distortion (flattening) because of the resultant mixed microstructure.
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Punch made of AISI S7 tool steel that cracked during quenching. Temper colo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Punch made of AISI S7 tool steel that cracked during quenching. Temper color was observed on the crack walls. Cracking was promoted by and located by the very coarse machining marks. Magnetic particles have been used to emphasize the cracks. 0.5×
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Grinding cracks caused by failure to temper a part. (a) Two dies made from ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Grinding cracks caused by failure to temper a part. (a) Two dies made from AISI D2 tool steel that cracked after finish grinding (cracks accentuated with magnetic particles). (b) Macroetching (10% aqueous nitric acid) of the end faces revealed grinding scorch. These dies were
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Image
Fractographic analysis of failed Charpy specimens of 4340 steel tempered to...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 50 Fractographic analysis of failed Charpy specimens of 4340 steel tempered to various strength levels. The upper curve represents room-temperature specimens; the lower curve represents specimens broken at −196 °C (−320 °F). All percentages are estimated. Source: Ref 69
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Beach marks on (a) quenched-and-tempered alloy steel pin fractured in low-c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Beach marks on (a) quenched-and-tempered alloy steel pin fractured in low-cycle fatigue ( Ref 4 ), and on (b) maraging steel stud fractured in the laboratory by stress-corrosion cracking under steady load ( Ref 16 ). The presence of beach marks is indicative of progressive cracking
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Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel (0.30–0.50 w...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel (0.30–0.50 wt% C) as determined by Patton. Source: Ref 11
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Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel (0.30–0.45 w...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 17 Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered low-alloy steel (0.30–0.45 wt% C) as determined by Janitsky and Baeyertz. Source: Ref 12
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Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered plain carbon and Ni-Cr-Mo st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered plain carbon and Ni-Cr-Mo steels. Source: Ref 13
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