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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... sampling method, represents an attractive approach to the toughness assessment of critical power plant components. Grain boundaries Phosphorus Segregation Stream turbines Studs Temper embrittlement 1CrMoV Creep fracture/stress rupture Introduction During a routine maintenance overhaul...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
...), a nonlayer-type corrosion (type I) occurs. Metallography revealed a layer-type corrosion and uneven scale/metal interfaces on the nozzles, corresponding to type II hot corrosion. Cooling holes provide film cooling that allows the nozzle material to withstand gas stream temperatures. Cooling hole blockage...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
...) or by the discontinuity of the water-discharge slot. It could also be argued that the acceleration forced on the water in the rotor, which makes the flow hug one side of each rotor pocket, causes a rotating discontinuous pattern of streams to emerge from the rotor, which then produces discrete liquid impacts...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... in the compressor, which initially manifests as surface roughening, especially at the leading edges. More aggressive erosion results in a recession of the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil, most severely near the outer diameter of the flow path due to centrifuging of particulate in the gas stream ( Fig. 15...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of partial blockage of a tube. The impinging stream can rapidly perforate tube walls, especially if silt or mud have an additional erosive effect. Steam erosion is another form of impingement corrosion. It occurs when high-velocity wet steam contacts a metal surface. The resulting attack usually produces...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... visible on the pump impeller. Impingement corrosion attack can also occur as the result of partial blockage of a tube. The impinging stream can rapidly perforate tube walls, especially if silt or mud has an additional erosive effect. Steam erosion is another form of impingement corrosion. It occurs when...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006796
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
....2017.12.003 46. Varavka V.N. and Kudryakov O.V. , Regularities of Steel Wear under the Impact of Discrete Water-Droplet Stream, Part I: Initial Stage of Droplet Impingement Erosion , J. Friction Wear , Vol 36 , 2015 , p 71 – 79 10.3103/S1068366615010146 47. Varavka V.N...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... produced in an oxidizing environment is less corrosive than carbon monoxide (CO), which is the prevalent carbonaceous gaseous species in a reducing environment. Under simultaneous oxidizing and carburizing conditions, where hydrocarbons are present in the gas stream and/or with the introduction of oily...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003555
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is the prevalent carbonaceous gaseous species in a reducing environment. Under simultaneous oxidizing and carburizing conditions, where hydrocarbons are present in the gas stream and/or with the introduction of oily components, stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are susceptible to severe carburization called...
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v03.c9001779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-241-9
... in the reduction of a pump’s life and efficiency, vibration in framework, and extra noises [ 1 – 5 ]. Other common problems are erosion and corrosion. Solid particles in the liquid could also limit the life of internal pump components [ 4 ]. The particles carried in the fluid stream can strike the internal...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... for steam turbine rotors/discs, carbon and alloy steel components in boilers Residential and industrial water-delivery systems: Stainless steel PEX clamps (described earlier) and brass components General Characteristics of Stress-Corrosion Cracking The phenomenological characteristics of SCC...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... processes of gas turbines, diesel engines, or other industrial processes is effectively used to produce hot water or steam to improve the process economy. The kraft-recovery boilers (also known as black-liquor-recovery boilers) produce steam that can be used in the kraft process to generate electricity...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...) will be recalled. Although Si 3 N 4 exhibits high corrosion resistance in the stream of combustion products of pure fuel (10 −5 % Na and V, 0.5%) below 1400 °C (2550 °F), it corrodes rapidly at 900 °C (1650 °F) when fuel contains 0.005% Na, 0.005% V, and 3% S. In liquid media, Si 3 N 4 resists attack by acids up...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... combustion gases, steam, or water to gases, vapors, or liquids of various types. Heat exchangers are of tube, plate, or sheet construction. Tubular heat exchangers are generally used for large fluid systems, whereas heat exchangers of plate or sheet construction are often preferred for smaller fluid streams...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... exchangers are used to transfer heat from/to combustion gases and steam or water to/from gases, vapors, or liquids of various types where, for example, the effluent is used to heat the incoming stream or external water cools the reactant steam. A great variety of heat-exchanger designs have been used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... showing dendritic pattern Hot tearing C 222 (a) Rupture after complete solidification, either during cooling or heat treatment Quench cracking C 300 Discontinuities caused by lack of fusion (cold shuts); edges generally rounded, indicating poor contact between various metal streams...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Quench cracking C 300: Discontinuities caused by lack of fusion (cold shuts); edges generally rounded, indicating poor contact between various metal streams during filling of the mold C 310: Lack of complete fusion in the last portion of the casting to fill C 311 (a) Complete...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... a 254-Mg (280-ton) ammonia converter. Fig. 2(a) Ruptured 305-mm (12-in.) carbon steel pipe, inadvertently installed in a 1.25Cr-0.5Mo circuit, that was severely damaged by hydrogen embrittlement. On-stream failure caused extensive fire damage. Fig. 2(b) Micrograph of outside-diameter...