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Steam turbines
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract When a steam turbine was put out of service, cracks were noticed on many of the blades in the low pressure section round the stabilization bolts and perpendicular to the blade axis. The blades were made from chrome alloy steel X20-Cr13 (Material No. 1.402). When the bolts were brazed...
Abstract
When a steam turbine was put out of service, cracks were noticed on many of the blades in the low pressure section round the stabilization bolts and perpendicular to the blade axis. The blades were made from chrome alloy steel X20-Cr13 (Material No. 1.402). When the bolts were brazed into the blades inadmissible localized overheating of the steel must have occurred, which resulted in transformation stresses and hence reduced deformability. The cracks arose as a consequence of careless brazing. Whether the cracks should be considered as stress cracks over their entire extent or partially as fatigue cracks produced by vibration in the operation of the turbine as a result of steplike growing of microcracks could not be deduced from the fracture surfaces. Microfractography showed that the cracks developed in stages.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract Fusing of the switch contacts of a boiler feed pump drive motor led to the failure of a turbine. After rubbing of most of the Ni-Cr steel LP wheels had occurred, due to the admission of water carried over with the steam, a copper-rich alloy from the interstage gland rings melted...
Abstract
Fusing of the switch contacts of a boiler feed pump drive motor led to the failure of a turbine. After rubbing of most of the Ni-Cr steel LP wheels had occurred, due to the admission of water carried over with the steam, a copper-rich alloy from the interstage gland rings melted, penetrated the wheel material, and gave rise to radial and circumferential cracking in four of the LP wheels. It was concluded that when the rotor moved axially and the wheels came into contact with the diaphragms there was a tendency for the former to dish, with the development of both radial and circumferential tensile stresses on the side in contact with the adjacent diaphragm. In the presence of the molten copper-rich alloy, these stresses gave rise to severe hot cracking.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract An A-470 steel rotor disk was removed from the high-pressure portion of a steam turbine-powered compressor after nondestructive testing revealed cracks in the shoulder of the disk during a scheduled outage. Samples containing cracks were examined using various methods. Multiple cracks...
Abstract
An A-470 steel rotor disk was removed from the high-pressure portion of a steam turbine-powered compressor after nondestructive testing revealed cracks in the shoulder of the disk during a scheduled outage. Samples containing cracks were examined using various methods. Multiple cracks, primarily intergranular were found on the inlet and outlet faces along prior-austenite grain boundaries. The cracks initiated at the surface and propagated inward. Multiple crack branching was observed. Many of the cracks were filled with iron oxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of sodium on crack surfaces, which is indicative of NaOH-induced stress-corrosion cracking. Failure was attributed to superheater problems that resulted in caustic carryover from the boiler. Two options for disk repair, installing a shrink-fit disk or applying weld buildup, were recommended. Weld repair was chosen, and the rotor was returned to service; it has performed for more than 1 year without further incident.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract The intermediate pressure (IP) turbine of a thermal generating station is driven by steam from the boiler's reheater. On one particular IP turbine, a thick deposit was found on the insides of the rotor blade shrouds in two instances two years apart. The source of the deposits...
Abstract
The intermediate pressure (IP) turbine of a thermal generating station is driven by steam from the boiler's reheater. On one particular IP turbine, a thick deposit was found on the insides of the rotor blade shrouds in two instances two years apart. The source of the deposits was not known; bulk chemical analysis had simply shown that iron was a major component. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis were used to identify the deposits. In the first instance, the deposit was found to be debris that was left in the reheater tubes during boiler modification and swept to the turbine by the steam. There were still some of these debris particles present when the incident two years later was investigated but generally the second deposit was found to be of two layer oxide particles which were shown to have spalled from 2-14% chromium reheater tube surfaces.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c9001409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... velocities. In the present study, steam turbine condenser tubes had to be renewed after 25 years of service. The tubes were nominally of 70:30 brass. The appearance of a typically corroded one showed uniform dezincification attack on the bore, extending from one-half to two-thirds through the tube wall...
Abstract
Dezincification is a particular form of corrosive attack which may occur in a variety of environments and to which some brasses are susceptible. It is favored by waters having a high oxygen, carbon dioxide, or chloride content, and is accelerated by elevated temperatures and low water velocities. In the present study, steam turbine condenser tubes had to be renewed after 25 years of service. The tubes were nominally of 70:30 brass. The appearance of a typically corroded one showed uniform dezincification attack on the bore, extending from one-half to two-thirds through the tube wall thickness.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-215-0
... Abstract Numerous cracks observed on the surface of a forged A470 Class 4 alloy steel steam turbine rotor disc from an air compressor in a nitric acid plant were found to be the result of caustic induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). No material defects or anomalies were observed in the disc...
Abstract
Numerous cracks observed on the surface of a forged A470 Class 4 alloy steel steam turbine rotor disc from an air compressor in a nitric acid plant were found to be the result of caustic induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). No material defects or anomalies were observed in the disc sample that could have contributed to crack initiation or propagation or secondary crack propagation. Chlorides detected in the fracture surface deposits were likely the primary cause for the pitting observed on the disc surfaces and within the turbine blade attachment area. It was recommended that the potential for water carryover or feedwater induction into the turbine be addressed via an engineering evaluation of the plant's water treatment procedures, steam separation equipment, and start-up procedures.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract Numerous flaws were detected in a steam turbine rotor during a scheduled inspection and maintenance outage. A fracture-mechanics-based analysis of the flaws showed that the rotor could not be safely returned to service. Material, samples from the bore were analyzed to evaluate...
Abstract
Numerous flaws were detected in a steam turbine rotor during a scheduled inspection and maintenance outage. A fracture-mechanics-based analysis of the flaws showed that the rotor could not be safely returned to service. Material, samples from the bore were analyzed to evaluate the actual mechanical properties and to determine the metallurgical cause of the observed indications. Samples were examined in a scanning electron microscope and subjected to chemical analysis and several mechanical property tests, including tensile, Charpy V-notch impact, and fracture toughness. The material was found to be a typical Cr-Mo-V steel, and it met the property requirements. No evidence of temper embrittlement was found. The analyses showed that the observed flaws were present in the original forging and attributed them to lack of ingot consolidation. A series of actions, including overboring of the rotor to remove indications close to the surface and revision of starting procedures, were implemented to extend the remaining life of the rotor and ensure its fitness for continued service.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1992
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.v01.c9001080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-214-3
... Abstract A steam turbine developed excessive noise and vibration during routine operation. It was found that the nut that locked the turbine disk In place had worked its way out from the threads and the disk had come of the shaft. Examination of the locking mechanism indicated that its design...
Abstract
A steam turbine developed excessive noise and vibration during routine operation. It was found that the nut that locked the turbine disk In place had worked its way out from the threads and the disk had come of the shaft. Examination of the locking mechanism indicated that its design was responsible for the loosening of the nut. It was recommended that the locking mechanism be redesigned and changed in all existing turbines.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.power.c0089663
EISBN: 978-1-62708-229-7
... Abstract A crack was discovered in a cast steel (ASTM A 356, grade 6) steam turbine casing during normal overhaul of the turbine. The mechanical properties of the casting all exceeded the requirements of the specification. When the fracture surface was examined visually, an internal-porosity...
Abstract
A crack was discovered in a cast steel (ASTM A 356, grade 6) steam turbine casing during normal overhaul of the turbine. The mechanical properties of the casting all exceeded the requirements of the specification. When the fracture surface was examined visually, an internal-porosity defect was observed adjoining a tapped hole. A second, much larger cavity was also detected. Investigation (visual inspection and 7500x SEM fractographs) supported the conclusions that failure occurred through a zone of structural weakness that was caused by internal casting defects and a tapped hole. The combination of cyclic loading (thermal fatigue), an aggressive service environment (steam), and internal defects resulted in gradual crack propagation, which was, at times, intergranular-with or without corrosive attack-and, at other times, was transgranular.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.mech.c9001533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-225-9
... Steam turbines Wear tests Sn-13.5Sb-6.0Cu Sn-11.9Sb-4.5Cu Babbit (Other, miscellaneous, or unspecified) wear 1. Introduction The reliable operation of sliding bearings determines to a considerable extent the life and reliable operation of the steam turbine as a whole. 1 , 2 The cases...
Abstract
An investigation of wear and failure of babbitt bushes was completed in this study. The results showed that wear at dry sliding of babbitt obtained by plasma spraying was less than that of babbitt in the as-cast state and after a deformation heat treatment. The failure of babbitt bushes was caused by a simultaneous and interrelated exhibition of fatigue and wear processes that depend considerably on cohesion strength between the bush and the bearing base and accumulation of defects on the contact surface between the bush and the shaft.
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in Condition Assessment and Improvement of a Steam Turbine Rotor
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 1 Steam turbine-generator unit. (a) Single turbine rotor connected to a generator rotor. (b) Cross section of the turbine rotor.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Two portions of a modified type 403 stainless steel steam turbine blade damaged by liquid impingement erosion. The portion at left was protected by a shield of 1 mm (0.04 in.) thick rolled Stellite 6B brazed onto the leading edge of the blade; the portion at right was unprotected
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Surface appearance at low magnification of a steam turbine blade eroded by water droplets. (a) 12% Cr steel blade material. (b) Stellite 6B shield
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Electrical wear on the surface of a thrust bearing from a steam turbine. The microscopic pitting is caused by sparking from electric current. Actual size
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. 3 1 2 ×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region below. 100×
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 16 Liquid droplet erosion from a low-pressure steam turbine blade that failed under fatigue loading. (a) Photograph of leading-edge airfoil, suction side. The lower portion of the airfoil (left) was 400-series stainless steel alloy; the upper portion of the airfoil (right) was clad
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 6 Copper alloy C26000 steam-turbine condenser tube that failed by dezincification. (a) Section through condenser tube showing dezincification of inner surface. Original magnification: 3.5×. (b) Etched specimen from the tube showing corroded porous region at the top and unaffected region
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 12 Electrical wear on the surface of a thrust bearing from a steam turbine. The microscopic pitting is caused by sparking from electric current. Actual size
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 12 (a) Photograph showing one of the intact steam turbine blades from the failed stage. The arrow indicates the fracture location. (b) Photograph of the fracture surface. Scale: millimeters. (c) Scanning electron fractograph of the initiation region showing a mixed transgranular
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 9 Two portions of a modified type 403 stainless steel steam turbine blade damaged by liquid impingement erosion. The portion at left was protected by a 1 mm (0.04 in.) thick shield made of rolled Stellite 6B brazed onto the leading edge of the blade; the portion at right was unprotected
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