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Rotation
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Image
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram showing the directions of rotation of the nut and the turbine disk.
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in Failure Investigation of the Wind Turbine Blade Root Bolt
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 3 Maximum equivalent stress of the bolt with blade rotation angels
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in Failure Analysis of a Cam–Follower System Affected by a Crack
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 11 Contact force (Third rotation position)
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in Failure Analysis of Gears and Reducers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 8 Sequence of rolling and sliding motion with gear rotation. Reproduced courtesy of Gear Tech
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Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001150
EISBN: 978-1-62708-235-8
... Abstract A number of rotating blades in a diffuser at a sugar beet processing plant fabricated from rectangular bars cut from rolled carbon-manganese steel plate fractured brittlely. However, apparently identical blades underwent significant plastic deformation without fracture. Inspection...
Abstract
A number of rotating blades in a diffuser at a sugar beet processing plant fabricated from rectangular bars cut from rolled carbon-manganese steel plate fractured brittlely. However, apparently identical blades underwent significant plastic deformation without fracture. Inspection of both fractured and bent blades revealed similar preexisting cracks at the toes of bar attachment welds. Metallographic examination of the bent and the fractured bars revealed they had been cut parallel and transverse, respectively, to the rolling direction of the steel plate. Due to the combined effects of the low fracture toughness of the plate on planes parallel in the rolling direction, the presence of the preexisting cracks, and the relatively large section thickness of the bars, the bars whose lengths were transverse to the rolling direction fractured brittlely when subjected to impact loads. Had the poor transverse properties of thick-section plate been recognized, and all the bars properly cut with respect to the rolling direction, the premature fractures would not have occurred.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0091092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-224-2
.... Investigation (visual inspection, inspection records review, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and fractography) supported the conclusion that the fracture mode for both shafts was low-cycle rotating-bending fatigue initiating and propagating by combined torsional and reverse bending stresses...
Abstract
A 60.3 mm (2.375 in.) diam drive shaft in the drive train of an overhead crane failed. The part submitted for examination was a principal drive shaft that fractured near a 90 deg fillet where the shaft had been machined down to 34.9 mm (1.375 in.) to serve as a wheel hub. A 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) wide x 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) deep keyway was machined into the entire length of the hub, ending approximately 1.6 mm (0.062 in.) away from the 90 deg fillet. A second shaft was also found to have cracked at a change in diameter, where it was machined down to serve as the motor drive hub. Investigation (visual inspection, inspection records review, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and fractography) supported the conclusion that the fracture mode for both shafts was low-cycle rotating-bending fatigue initiating and propagating by combined torsional and reverse bending stresses. Recommendations included replacing all drive shafts with new designs that eliminated the sharp 90 deg chamfers in favor of a more liberal chamfer, which would reduce the stress concentration in these areas.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 23 Examples of rotating disk and rotating arm erosion: cavitation test apparatuses. (a) Small, relatively low-speed rotating disk and jet apparatus. (b) Large, high-speed rotating arm spray apparatus. Source: Ref 55
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.conag.c9001472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-221-1
... of the failure it was recommended that the stress-raising effect of the holes be reduced by chamfering or preferably rounding-off the edges. Furthermore, rotation of the shaft should be prevented so that the radial holes were positioned on the opposite side of the shaft. Rotation Shafts (power) Stress...
Abstract
Severe damage to the jib of a dragline excavator resulted from failure of the shaft which carried the derricking sheaves at the apex of the "A" frame. Failure occurred within the hub of the center sheave of the group of three at the right-hand end of the shaft. The shaft was manufactured from a 0.5% carbon, 1% chromium steel heat treated to give a hardness value of 300 VDP. The material was in the hardened and tempered condition and showed no abnormalities which would predispose to early failure. The content of non-metallic matter was only of nominal amount. Failure of the shaft resulted from fatigue due to the cumulative action of the repeated stresses which it had been subjected to during service. The shaft had been subjected to repeated stress applications sufficient to result in the initiation and development of a fatigue crack at the radial hole. To prevent a repetition of the failure it was recommended that the stress-raising effect of the holes be reduced by chamfering or preferably rounding-off the edges. Furthermore, rotation of the shaft should be prevented so that the radial holes were positioned on the opposite side of the shaft.
Series: ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-234-1
... Abstract Equipment in which an assembly of in-line cylindrical components rotated in water at 1040 rpm displayed excessive vibration after less than one hour of operation. The malfunction was traced to an aluminum alloy 6061-T6 combustion chamber that was part of the rotating assembly. Analysis...
Abstract
Equipment in which an assembly of in-line cylindrical components rotated in water at 1040 rpm displayed excessive vibration after less than one hour of operation. The malfunction was traced to an aluminum alloy 6061-T6 combustion chamber that was part of the rotating assembly. Analysis (visual inspection, 100x/500x/800x micrographic examination, spectrographic analysis, and hardness testing) supported the conclusions that, as a result of improper heat treatment, the combustion-chamber material was too soft for successful use in this application. Misalignment of the combustion chamber and one or both of the mating parts resulted in eccentric rotation and the excessive vibration that caused malfunction of the assembly. Irregularities in the housing around the combustion chamber and temperature variation relating to the combustion pattern in the chamber were considered to be possible contributing factors to localization of the cavitation erosion. Recommendations included adopting inspection procedures to ensure that the specified properties of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 were obtained and that the combustion chamber and adjacent components were aligned within specified tolerances. In a similar situation, consideration should also be given to raising the pressure in the coolant in order to suppress the formation of cavitation bubbles.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Schematic illustration of stress distribution in two types of rotating shafts with press-fitted elements under a bending load.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 23 Carbon steel shaft broken in rotating bending fatigue. Fatigue fracture initiated at numerous sites along a sharp snap ring groove; ratchet marks appear as shiny spots along the surface. Cracks coalesced into a single fatigue crack that—due to the bending stress distribution—grew most
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 24 Rotating bending fatigue failure of keyed medium-carbon steel shaft. Fatigue initiated at a corner of the keyway, as marked. Beach marks in that vicinity are concentric about the origin. As the fatigue crack grew, the bending stress distribution produced more rapid growth near
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Fatigue striations in 18-8 austenitic stainless steel tested in rotating bending. (a) Fine striations were located midway between origin and final overload fracture, while (b) coarse striations were located closer to the overload area. Overall direction of crack growth in these SEM
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 35 Striations observed by SEM on rotating beam fatigue specimen made of cold-worked electrolytic tough pitch copper. Crack growth direction is from upper right to lower left, and specimen was tested at relatively high stress.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 50 Features observed on fatigue area of polymethyl methacrylate rotating beam specimen. Sample was sputter coated with platinum for SEM examination.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 51 Features observed on fatigue area of polycarbonate rotating beam specimen. (a) Optical view at base of notch. (b) Higher magnification electron fractograph. Sample was sputter coated with platinum for SEM examination.
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in X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Observation of failed nickel-base alloy (Waspaloy) specimen after rotating bend fatigue. (a) Macro view. (b) Micrograph. Source: Ref 43
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in Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Life assessment of rotating equipment damaged by exposure to excessive temperatures or loss of lubricant. (a) Journal that overheated because of the loss of lubricating oil. (b) Hardness test results of the heat-damaged region indicated the formation of a hard martensite layer
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in Flow-Induced Vibration Fatigue of Stainless Steel Impeller Blades in a Circulating Water Pump
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 1992
Fig. 18 Results of rotating beam fatigue testing of impeller specimens (alternating stress versus cycles to failure).
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in Failure Analysis of a Misaligned and Unbalanced Flexible Rotor
> Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis
Published: 01 December 2019
Fig. 4 Rotating shaft
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